Development of Thick Electroplated Bismuth Absorbers for Large Collection Area Hard X-ray Transition Edge Sensors

Gades, L.; Cecil, T.; Divan, Ralu; Schmidt, D. R.; Ullom, Joel N.; Madden, Timothy J.; Yan, Daikang; Miceli, Antonino

doi:10.1109/tasc.2017.2662007

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…108 Finally, we are collaborating with the Detector Group at Argonne National Laboratory to study the effects of Bi grain size on low-energy tailing and to compare directly the characteristic of Bi absorbers deposited via various methods. 109…”

Section: B Reduction In Low-energy Tailingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science

Doriese

Abbamonte

Alpert

et al. 2017

Review of Scientific Instruments

120

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We describe a series of microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometers designed for a broad suite of measurement applications. The chief advantage of this type of spectrometer is that it can be orders of magnitude more efficient at collecting X-rays than more traditional high-resolution spectrometers that rely on wavelength-dispersive techniques. This advantage is most useful in applications that are traditionally photon-starved and/or involve radiation-sensitive samples. Each energy-dispersive spectrometer is built around an array of several hundred transition-edge sensors (TESs). TESs are superconducting thin films that are biased into their superconducting-to-normal-metal transitions. The spectrometers share a common readout architecture and many design elements, such as a compact, 65 mK detector package, 8-column time-division-multiplexed superconducting quantum-interference device readout, and a liquid-cryogen-free cryogenic system that is a two-stage adiabatic-demagnetization refrigerator backed by a pulse-tube cryocooler. We have adapted this flexible architecture to mate to a variety of sample chambers and measurement systems that encompass a range of observing geometries. There are two different types of TES pixels employed. The first, designed for X-ray energies below 10 keV, has a best demonstrated energy resolution of 2.1 eV (full-width-at-half-maximum or FWHM) at 5.9 keV. The second, designed for X-ray energies below 2 keV, has a best demonstrated resolution of 1.0 eV (FWHM) at 500 eV. Our team has now deployed seven of these X-ray spectrometers to a variety of light sources, accelerator facilities, and laboratory-scale experiments; these seven spectrometers have already performed measurements related to their applications. Another five of these spectrometers will come online in the near future. We have applied our TES spectrometers to the following measurement applications: synchrotron-based absorption and emission spectroscopy and energy-resolved scattering; accelerator-based spectroscopy of hadronic atoms and particle-induced-emission spectroscopy; laboratory-based time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy with a tabletop, broadband source; and laboratory-based metrology of X-ray-emission lines. Here, we discuss the design, construction, and operation of our TES spectrometers and show first-light measurements from the various systems. Finally, because X-ray-TES technology continues to mature, we discuss improvements to array size, energy resolution, and counting speed that we anticipate in our next generation of TES-X-ray spectrometers and beyond.

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Section: B Reduction In Low-energy Tailingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science

Doriese

Abbamonte

Alpert

et al. 2017

Review of Scientific Instruments

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The surface morphology of electrodeposited films has been studied by the SEM technique (Figure 4). It was shown that the morphology of Bi films depends on the synthesis conditions (current density, deposition duration) and on the film thickness [21]. This dependence was also found in Bi films with a thickness of 200 nm or more, obtained in tartaric acid electrolyte [9].…”

Section: Surface Morphology Investigationmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…This tendency is clearly visible in Figure 6 inserts, which present the porosity contrast images. Such a closely-packed Bi microstructure contributes to the creation of materials that can be widely used in the fields where a high level of density (low porosity) is important [18,20,21,23].…”

Section: Surface Morphology Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the point of view of condensed matter research and other significant applications, especially in the films form, have been applied to test several quantum confinement phenomena [5,[15][16][17]. Bi-based sensitive radiation detectors, such as microcalorimeters demonstrate good X-ray absorption because of Bi's large atomic number and very low heat capacity [5,[18][19][20][21]. Uses of Bi-based composites and coatings offer a very applicable alternative to the lead protection against proton radiation due to much more environmentally friendly Bi [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early-Stage Growth Mechanism and Synthesis Conditions-Dependent Morphology of Nanocrystalline Bi Films Electrodeposited from Perchlorate Electrolyte

et al. 2020

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Bi nanocrystalline films were formed from perchlorate electrolyte (PE) on Cu substrate via electrochemical deposition with different duration and current densities. The microstructural, morphological properties, and elemental composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The optimal range of current densities for Bi electrodeposition in PE using polarization measurements was demonstrated. For the first time, it was shown and explained why, with a deposition duration of 1 s, co-deposition of Pb and Bi occurs. The correlation between synthesis conditions and chemical composition and microstructure for Bi films was discussed. The analysis of the microstructure evolution revealed the changing mechanism of the films’ growth from pillar-like (for Pb-rich phase) to layered granular form (for Bi) with deposition duration rising. This abnormal behavior is explained by the appearance of a strong Bi growth texture and coalescence effects. The investigations of porosity showed that Bi films have a closely-packed microstructure. The main stages and the growth mechanism of Bi films in the galvanostatic regime in PE with a deposition duration of 1–30 s are proposed.

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“…Considering only the vertical QE, the optimal thicknesses to achieve 1.1 pJ/K at 90 mK and 90% QE at 7 keV would require 2 μm Au and 3.75 μm Bi. Here, the heat capacity includes the heat capacities of the Au/Bi absorber (85% + 2%), Mo/Au bilayer TES sensor (8%) and the SiN membrane (5%) [7,8]. If we consider a microcalorimeter array with 98% filling factor and with perfectly vertical absorber edges, the total QE would decrease to 88.2%.…”

Section: Quantum Efficiency Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Efficiency Study and Reflectivity Enhancement of Au/Bi Absorbers

et al. 2020

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X-ray absorbers of the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) microcalorimeters are required to provide high quantum efficiency (QE) for incident X-rays and high reflectivity to longer wavelength radiation. The thickness of the electroplated Au and Bi layers of the absorber is tuned to provide the desired pixel heat capacity and the QE. To calculate the QE precisely, in addition to filling factor, we have included the effects of surface roughness, edge profile of the absorbers and the effects of the different angles of incidence of the incoming X-rays from the X-IFU optic. Based on this analysis, it is found that thickness of the Bi layer needs to be adjusted by 4.3% to achieve the X-IFU QE requirements. To enhance the absorber's rejection of low-energy radiation, a second thin layer of Au is sputter-deposited on top of the Bi layer. Optical measurements in the wavelength range 0.3-20 μm show a significant increase in reflectivity compared to a bare Bi layer.

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Development of Thick Electroplated Bismuth Absorbers for Large Collection Area Hard X-ray Transition Edge Sensors

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science

A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science

Early-Stage Growth Mechanism and Synthesis Conditions-Dependent Morphology of Nanocrystalline Bi Films Electrodeposited from Perchlorate Electrolyte

Quantum Efficiency Study and Reflectivity Enhancement of Au/Bi Absorbers

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