Development of thermally formed glass optics for astronomical hard X-ray telescopes

Craig, William W.; Hailey, Charles J.; Jimenez-Garate, Mario A.; Windt, David L.; Harrison, Fiona A.; Mao, Peter H.; Christensen, Finn Erland; Hussain, Ahsen M.

doi:10.1364/oe.7.000178

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…20 The process of slumping sheets of ultrasmooth glass into segments that are then coated with multilayers and assembled into an optic is well-developed 31 and has been used to achieve sub-arcminute mirror quality 32 (∆α = 40 ). While these substrates meet the goals of the astrophysics community and will be used in the upcoming NASA mission NuSTAR, 33 they have three major drawbacks for radionuclide imaging.…”

Section: Limitations Of Segmented Glassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of focusing x-ray and gamma-ray optics for small animal imaging

et al. 2005

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Significant effort is currently being devoted to the development of noninvasive imaging systems that allow in vivo assessment of biological and biomolecular interactions in mice and other small animals. Ideally, one would like to discern these functional and metabolic relationships with in vivo radionuclide imaging at spatial resolutions approaching those that can be obtained using the anatomical imaging techniques (i.e., <100 µm), which would help to answer outstanding questions in many areas of biomedicine.In this paper, we report progress on our effort to develop high-resolution focusing X-ray and gamma-ray optics for small-animal radionuclide imaging. The use of reflective optics, in contrast to methods that rely on absorptive collimation like single-or multiple-pinhole cameras, decouples spatial resolution from sensitivity (efficiency). Our feasibility studies have refined and applied ray-tracing routines to design focusing optics for small animal studies. We also have adopted a replication technique to manufacture the X-ray mirrors, and which in experimental studies have demonstrated a spatial resolution of ∼190 µm. We conclude that focusing optics can be designed and fabricated for gamma-ray energies, and with spatial resolutions, and field of view suitable for in vivo biological studies. While the efficiency of a single optic is limited, fabrication methods now are being developed that may make it possible to develop imaging systems with multiple optics that could collect image data over study times that would be practical for performing radionuclide studies of small animals.

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Section: Limitations Of Segmented Glassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of focusing x-ray and gamma-ray optics for small animal imaging

et al. 2005

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“…The alternative method, pioneered by Craig et al, 42 starts with thin float glass, originally developed as a substrate for flat panel displays (e.g., laptop computer screens). This inexpensive, high-quality material has low micro-roughness of just a few angstroms, a necessary condition for achieving high reflectivity from a multilayer coating.…”

Section: Low-cost Fabrication Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have engineered and constructed a T-based lathe with micron precision to construct optics from segmented substrates, adopting and modifying the scheme of Craig et al. 42 3. We have fabricated and tested two prototype optics, a four-reflection symmetric design and a two-reflection asymmetric design.…”

Section: Saris: Small Animal Radionuclide Imaging Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-animal radionuclide imaging with focusing gamma-ray optics

et al. 2004

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Significant effort currently is being devoted to the development of noninvasive imaging systems that allow in vivo assessment of biological and biomolecular interactions in mice and other small animals. While physiological function in small animals can be localized and imaged using conventional radionuclide imaging techniques such as single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), these techniques inherently are limited to spatial resolutions of 1−2 mm. For this reason, we are developing a small animal radionuclide imaging system (SARIS) using grazing incidence optics to focus gamma-rays emitted by 125 I and other radiopharmaceuticals. We have developed a prototype optic with sufficient accuracy and precision to focus the 27.5 keV photons from 125 I onto a high-resolution imaging detector. Experimental measurements from the prototype have demonstrated that the optic can focus X-rays from a microfocus X-ray tube to a spot having physical dimensions (approximately 1500 microns half-power diameter) consistent with those predicted by theory. Our theoretical and numerical analysis also indicate that an optic can be designed and build that ultimately can achieve 100 µm spatial resolution with sufficient efficiency to perform in vivo single photon emission imaging studies in small animal.

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“…CPPI machined the SiC grating substrates used for the Reflection Grating Spectrometer on the XMMNewton Observatory. The assembly machine we are utilizing was developed for the High Energy Focusing Telescope (HEFT) project 6 . We are continually upgrading that machine to accommodate the more demanding requirements of Constellation-X, as well as the potential needs of other future space missions.…”

Section: Error-correcting Monolithic Assembly and Alignment (Emaal)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and performance of Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope prototype optics using segmented glass

et al. 2004

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We report on the fabrication and performance of prototype optics for the Constellation-X hard X-ray telescope (HXT). The prototypes utilize segmented-glass optics. Multiple glass segments are combined to produce telescope shells. The shells are separated by and epoxied to graphite rods, and each layer of rods is precisely machined to match the required optical geometry of the corresponding glass shell. This error-compensating, monolithic assembly and alignment (EMAAL) procedure is novel. Two prototypes are described. The first used 10cm long thermally-slumped glass pieces produced by slumping into a concave mandrel with no subsequent replication. This prototype obtained 45" (2-bounce HPD). The second prototype was the first attempt to mount epoxy-replicated, thermally-slumped glass optics using EMAAL. The latter prototype demonstrated our ability to produce and mount glass shells whose figure and performance are faithful representations of the original replication mandrel. The average performance was 45", with the best replicated segment providing 33" (2-bounce HPD) performance, consistent with the~30" measured with laser reflectometry and interferometry prior to mounting. Both these prototypes substantially exceeded the HXT requirement of 60".

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Development of thermally formed glass optics for astronomical hard X-ray telescopes

Cited by 17 publications

References 8 publications

Progress of focusing x-ray and gamma-ray optics for small animal imaging

Progress of focusing x-ray and gamma-ray optics for small animal imaging

Small-animal radionuclide imaging with focusing gamma-ray optics

Fabrication and performance of Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope prototype optics using segmented glass

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