Development of the Teneral AdultAnoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): Time to Initiate and Completely Bore Out of Maple Wood

Abstract

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) is an introduced invasive pest with the potential to devastate hardwood forests in North America. Using artificial pupal chambers, we documented the time required by teneral adults at three temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C), 60-80% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h to initiate boring after eclosion and subsequently bore completely through a 7-mm (range, 3-11 mm) layer of Norway maple wood (Acer platanoides L.). In total, 218 laboratory-reared pupae from the Chicago, IL, or Inner Mongolia, China, populations were used in the study. Females (1.54 ± 0.03 g) weighed significantly more than males (1.12 ± 0.03 g), but the average weights of the beetles emerging in each temperature did not differ. Adult weight was positively correlated with exit hole diameter (diameter [mm] = 2.2 * weight [g] + 7.9). The rate at which beetles bored through the wood (136, 178, and 168 mm(3)/d at 20, 25 and 30 °C, respectively) significantly differed between temperatures but did not differ with beetle weight. Temperature had a significant effect on the time it took adults to initiate boring (7, 5, and 4 d at 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively) and subsequently to complete boring to emerge (5, 4, and 4 d at 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively). This suggests that beetles require more than a week to progress from eclosion to emergence in wood, even at summer temperatures. This information on A. glabripennis basic biology is critical for developing phenology models that are used to time exclusion and eradication methodologies.

A procedure for calculating the thermal constants associated with the flight period ofCerambyx welensiiKüster andPrinobius myardiMulsant from field observations

“…The lower development temperature obtained for C. welensii and P. myardi in the present study was 12 °C, which is similar to reported values for other xylophagous cerambycid species. Specifically, the laboratory‐determined minimum development threshold for M. galloprovincialis at the pupation stage obtained by Naves and Sousa () is 12.2 °C; those for A. glabripennis reported by Keena () and Sánchez and Keena () range from 9 to 13 °C; and that for Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe) found by Watari et al . () is 12.6 °C.…”

“…Accordingly, the CPE and cumulative DD data for the period 2002–2009 were fitted to a Gompertz equation as carried out previously by Smith et al . (); as well as by Keena () and Sánchez and Keena () for Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae); by Stevenson et al . () for Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae); and by Knutson and Muegge () for Acrobasis casebearer nuxvorella (Neunzig) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae).…”

Timing and duration of the life cycle of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in southern England

“…The first pupae were found in the samples in mid June. The pupal stage in A. glabripennis lasts 47–54 days at 15 °C and, after eclosion, the adult remains in the pupal chamber for a further 12–14 days (at 20 °C) before it chews its way out and emerges from the wood (Keena & Moore, ; Sánchez & Keena, ). Thus, the individuals found as pupae in June are unlikely to have emerged as adults before mid‐August, and those pupae found in the samples in July and August would not have emerged and laid eggs until even later in the season.…”

“…Larvae generally tunnel upwards for 10–30 cm and when fully grown; they excavate a slightly enlarged chamber at the end of the tunnel in which to pupate. The adult beetle emerges from the pupa inside the pupal chamber and, after waiting 12–14 days to harden its exoskeleton, it chews its way to the outside leaving behind a perfectly circular exit hole that is typically 10 mm in diameter (Haack et al ., ; Sánchez & Keena, ).…”

History and development of an isolated outbreak ofAsian longhorn beetleAnoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) in southernEngland

“…Fully grown larvae pupate in an enlarged chamber at the end of the feeding tunnel. The adult beetle emerges within this pupal chamber and then chews its way to the outside, through a circular exit hole that is typically 10 mm in diameter (Sánchez & Keena, ).…”