Development of the start healthy feeding guidelines for infants and toddlers 11The Start Healthy Feeding Guidelines for Infants and Toddlers is a collaborative project between the American Dietetic Association and Gerber Products Company. Funding provided by Gerber Products Company. The authors wish to thank the Start Healthy Expert Panel—Nancy F. Butte, PhD, MPH, RD; Kathleen Cobb, MS, RD, DC/N; Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD; Laura Graney, MS, RD, CD, CBE; William C. Heird, MD; and Karyl Rickard, PhD, RD, FADA—f

Pac, Susan; McMahon, Kathleèn; Ripple, Michelle; Reidy, Kathleen; Ziegler, Paula; Myers, Esther F.

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.01.028

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…After around the first 6 months of life the infant requires complimentary foods in addition to breast milk to help meet nutrient requirements for growth and development and to enable the development of eating skills [ 26 ]. Iron is of particular importance during this time as the infant’s iron stores, which are laid down during gestation, are declining [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food Sources of Total Energy and Nutrients among U.S. Infants and Toddlers: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2012

et al. 2015

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Understanding the dietary intakes of infants and toddlers is important because early life nutrition influences future health outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the dietary sources of total energy and 16 nutrients in a nationally representative sample of U.S. infants and toddlers aged 0–24 months. Data from the 2005–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed in 2740 subjects using one 24-h dietary recall. The population proportion was used to determine the contribution of foods and beverages to nutrient intakes. Overall infant formulas and baby foods were the leading sources of total energy and nutrients in infants aged 0–11.9 months. In toddlers, the diversity of food groups contributing to nutrient intakes was much greater. Important sources of total energy included milk, 100% juice and grain based mixed dishes. A number of foods of low nutritional quality also contributed to energy intakes including sweet bakery products, sugar-sweetened beverages and savory snacks. Overall non-flavored milks and ready-to-eat cereals were the most important contributors to micronutrient intakes. In conclusion this information can be used to guide parents regarding appropriate food selection as well as inform targeted dietary strategies within public health initiatives to improve the diets of infants and toddlers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, relatively low in calories and high in vitamins and minerals). There is little room for the inclusion of energy rich foods and beverages which are of low nutritional quality [ 26 ]. Whilst it is reassuring to see some nutrient dense foods amongst the top food sources of total energy for infants 6.0–11.9 months, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Sources of Total Energy and Nutrients among U.S. Infants and Toddlers: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2012

et al. 2015

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“…Recommendations for establishing healthy feeding relationships during the first two years of life remain largely based on expert opinion (Pac et al, 2004). The RCFCS was developed to create a theoretically-based, clinically-grounded observational measure of child feeding interactions relevant to obesity research during infancy and toddlerhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the responsiveness to child feeding cues scale

et al. 2013

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Parent-child feeding interactions during the first two years of life are thought to shape child appetite and obesity risk, but remain poorly studied. This research was designed to develop and assess the Responsiveness to Child Feeding Cues Scale (RCFCS), an observational measure of caregiver responsiveness to child feeding cues relevant to obesity. General responsiveness during feeding as well as maternal responsiveness to child hunger and fullness were rated during mid-morning feeding occasions by 3 trained coders using digitally-recordings. Initial inter-rater reliability and criterion validity were evaluated in a sample of 144 ethnically-diverse mothers of healthy 7- to 24-month-old children. Maternal self-report of demographics and measurements of maternal/child anthropometrics were obtained. Inter-rater agreement for most variables was excellent (ICC>0.80). Mothers tended to be more responsive to child hunger than fullness cues (p<0.001). Feeding responsiveness dimensions were associated with demographics, including maternal education, maternal body mass index, and child age, and aspects of feeding, including breastfeeding duration, and self-feeding. The RCFCS is a reliable observational measure of responsive feeding for children <2 years of age that is relevant to obesity in early development.

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“…The direct application of the FOIS to infants is challenging, as they are developing rapidly and will experience an expansion of the oral diet with age (11–13). Additionally, it can be difficult to distinguish FOIS level 2 (tube feeding with minimal attempts of oral feeding) from FOIS level 3 (tube feeding with consistent oral feeding) because consistent but very small amounts of oral feeding are possible during the period of tube feeding (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometrics of the Functional Oral Intake Scale for Infants

Shin

2019

Front. Pediatr.

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This study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) for infants. Infants (age, <1 year) who underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) were included in this retrospective study. Their nutrition records at the time of the VFSS were separately evaluated by two raters using the five-point FOIS for infants. Categorical swallowing and aspiration impairment scale data were also obtained from the VFSS. The inter-rater reliability of the FOIS for infants was high (95.5% absolute agreement) among the 201 evaluated infants, and this scale was significantly correlated with aspiration severity in the VFSS. We also investigated whether infants with partial oral feeding (POF) at the FOIS evaluation had achieved full oral feeding within 1 year of the evaluation and used this information to estimate whether the caloric contribution, as well as consistency of oral feeding, affected the feeding outcomes. This analysis included 33 infants who were receiving both oral and tube feeding (i.e., POF). Among them, 26 infants achieved full oral feeding (FOF) without tube feeding after 1 year. Their initial contribution from oral feeding was higher than that in infants who still maintained POF after 1 year (28.46 ± 22.79 vs. 6.00 ± 5.45%, p < 0.001). The five-point FOIS for infants, which reflected the expansion of their oral diet with growth, had adequate reliability and validity. The caloric contribution as well as consistency of oral feeding could be used to distinguish FOIS levels 2 and 3, which correspond to the POF status in infants.

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Cited by 19 publications

References 112 publications

Food Sources of Total Energy and Nutrients among U.S. Infants and Toddlers: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2012

Food Sources of Total Energy and Nutrients among U.S. Infants and Toddlers: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2012

Development of the responsiveness to child feeding cues scale

Psychometrics of the Functional Oral Intake Scale for Infants

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