Development of the short version of the spielberger state—trait anxiety inventory

Zsidó, András N.; Teleki, Szidalisz; Csókási, Krisztina; Rózsa, Sándor; Bandi, Szabolcs

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113223

Cited by 169 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…According to our results, the SIAS-6 and SPS-6 scales had good reliability on a clinical sample as well. Total scores showed negative correlations with age, which is in line with previous studies regarding other anxiety disorders [59,79,81,82]. The group differences showed that people with a social phobia-related diagnosis scored higher on both the SIAS-6 and SPS-6 scales than those without a diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Psychometric properties of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale in Hungarian adults and adolescents

2021

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Background Although social anxiety disorder is one of the most frequent disorders, it often remained unrecognized. Utilizing brief, yet reliable screening tools, such as the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS-6) and the Social Phobia Scale (SPS-6) are helping to solve this problem in parts of Western Europe and the US. Still some countries, like Hungary, lag behind. For this purpose, previous studies call for further evidence on the applicability of the scales in various populations and cultures, as well as the elaborative validity of the short forms. Here, we aimed to provide a thorough analysis of the scales in five studies. We employed item response theory (IRT) to explore the psychometric properties of the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6 in Hungarian adults (n = 3213, age range:19–80) and adolescents (n = 292, age range:14–18). Results In both samples, IRT analyses demonstrated that the items of SIAS-6 and SPS-6 had high discriminative power and cover a wide range of the latent trait. Using various subsamples, we showed that (1) the scales had excellent convergent and divergent validity in relation to domains of anxiety, depression, and cognitive emotion regulation in both samples. Further, that (2) the scales discriminated those with a history of fainting or avoidance from those without such history. Lastly, (3) the questionnaires can discriminate people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (n = 30, age range:13–71) and controls. Conclusions These findings suggest that the questionnaires are suitable for screening for SAD in adults and adolescents. Although the confirmation of the two-factor structure may be indicative of the validity of the “performance only” specifier of SAD in DSM-V, the high correlation between the factors and the similar patter of convergent validity might indicate that it is not a discrete entity but rather a part of SAD; and that SAD is latently continuous.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Psychometric properties of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale in Hungarian adults and adolescents

2021

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“…If they reached a success rate of 70%, a priori set by the authors, separately for each emotion, could progress to the visual search task 2 . If not, they were told that the experiment is over; children 1 Adults filled out the trait subscale of the short, five-item version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Zsido et al, 2020) and were asked to report if they had a history of depression, while in the case of children, we asked their parents to do so. Participants did not know we are asking these questions as an inclusion criterion.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Finding an Emotional Face” Revisited: Differences in Own-Age Bias and the Happiness Superiority Effect in Children and Young Adults

et al. 2021

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People seem to differ in their visual search performance involving emotionally expressive faces when these expressions are seen on faces of others close to their age (peers) compared to faces of non-peers, known as the own-age bias (OAB). This study sought to compare search advantages in angry and happy faces detected on faces of adults and children on a pool of children (N = 77, mean age = 5.57) and adults (N = 68, mean age = 21.48). The goals of this study were to (1) examine the developmental trajectory of expression recognition and (2) examine the development of an OAB. Participants were asked to find a target face displaying an emotional expression among eight neutral faces. Results showed that children and adults found happy faces significantly faster than angry and fearful faces regardless of it being present on the faces of peers or non-peers. Adults responded faster to the faces of peers regardless of the expression. Furthermore, while children detected angry faces significantly faster compared to fearful ones, we found no such difference in adults. In contrast, adults detected all expressions significantly faster when they appeared on the faces of other adults compared to the faces of children. In sum, we found evidence for development in detecting facial expressions and also an age-dependent increase in OAB. We suggest that the happy face could have an advantage in visual processing due to its importance in social situations and its overall higher frequency compared to other emotional expressions. Although we only found some evidence on the OAB, using peer or non-peer faces should be a theoretical consideration of future research because the same emotion displayed on non-peers’ compared to peers’ faces may have different implications and meanings to the perceiver.

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“…The reactive anxiety was assessed according to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI scale [12], as the state of the subject at a present moment, which is characterized by subjectively experienced emotions: tension, anxiety, concern, nervousness in each specific situation. This condition occurs as an emotional response to an extreme or stressful situation, such as a SARS-COV-2 pandemic.…”

Section: -Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Students’ Reactive Anxiety as a Quality Criterion for Distance Learning during the SARS-COV-2 Pandemic

et al. 2021

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Background: Numerous studies have shown an effect of rapidly spreading SARS-COV-2 on combined anxiety-depressive disorders and maladjustment syndrome occurrences. Objective: To determine the primary medical students’ reactive anxiety level and the final scores of their educational progress in distance learning during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The study involved 824 students at medical universities in Saratov and Moscow. The assessment of the reactive anxiety level was carried out according to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI; the average score of students' academic performance was calculated according to the data of the technological platform "1C: Enterprise" version 8.4.1. The survey was completed during distance learning in May 2020. The quality of distance learning was compared to a similar score for 2019, when students were trained in a traditional way. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistica 6.0. Results: It was shown the presence of moderately severe disorders among the primary medical students according to the average score of reactive anxiety (43.28 ± 12.85), that expressed more in females s (p<0.05), After distance learning, lasting 25% of the whole course, the overall performance score in theoretical knowledge did not change significantly (p>0.05) but the practical skills suffered much especially in time trend (p<0.05). Novelty: It was found that a high level of the reactive anxiety negatively affects the students' adaptive capabilities and the education quality. The specificity of programs at different faculties can determine the state of the students' psychological status. Findings:Timely transition to online classes during pandemics helps to preserve the students' mental well-being and the quality of the educational process. The duration of distance learning for a practical course should not exceed 25% of the whole course. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SPER-07 Full Text: PDF

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Development of the short version of the spielberger state—trait anxiety inventory

Cited by 169 publications

References 78 publications

Psychometric properties of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale in Hungarian adults and adolescents

Psychometric properties of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale in Hungarian adults and adolescents

“Finding an Emotional Face” Revisited: Differences in Own-Age Bias and the Happiness Superiority Effect in Children and Young Adults

Medical Students’ Reactive Anxiety as a Quality Criterion for Distance Learning during the SARS-COV-2 Pandemic

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