Development of the pulmonary surfactant system in two oviparous vertebrates

Johnston, Sean F.; Orgeig, Sandra; Lopatko, Olga Vlagislavovna; Daniels, Christopher B.

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.2.r486

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…At equivalent time points, the amount of total PL and DSP in lavage (expressed as a ratio of dry lung weight) were similar to the levels found in the bearded dragon (26), but much lower than those found in embryonic green sea turtles (25). However, the pattern of development of the PLs is similar in all three species, in that the amounts of both total PL and DSP in lavage increase dramatically after the onset of air breathing.…”

Section: Development Of Surfactant Pls In Crocodilessupporting

confidence: 61%

“…However, in the two reptilian species so far examined, the surfactant system matures over a relatively shorter period of time. For example, although DSP appears in the lavage of the embryonic chicken at 85% of incubation, DSP is not detectable at 92% of incubation in the bearded dragon (26). Similarly, the amount of total PL is highest in the embryonic chick at 85% of incubation, whereas total PL is highest at the onset of air breathing in the bearded dragon and the green sea turtle (25,26).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For example, although DSP appears in the lavage of the embryonic chicken at 85% of incubation, DSP is not detectable at 92% of incubation in the bearded dragon (26). Similarly, the amount of total PL is highest in the embryonic chick at 85% of incubation, whereas total PL is highest at the onset of air breathing in the bearded dragon and the green sea turtle (25,26). Furthermore, the secretion of surfactant from isolated type II cells is highest in the embryonic chicken at 85% of incubation (57), whereas secretion is maximal after hatching in the bearded dragon (57a) and green sea turtle (58).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Control of the development of the pulmonary surfactant system in the saltwater crocodile,Crocodylus porosus

Sullivan

Orgeig

Daniels

2002

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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. Control of the development of the pulmonary surfactant system in the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R1164-R1176, 2002. First published July 25, 2002 10.1152/ ajpregu.00009.2002.-Pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins that controls the surface tension of the fluid lining the inner lung. Its composition is conserved among the vertebrates. Here we hypothesize that the in ovo administration of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones during late incubation will accelerate surfactant development in the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. We also hypothesize that the increased maturation of the type II cells in response to hormone pretreatment will result in enhanced responsiveness of the cells to surfactant secretagogues. We sampled embryos at days 60, 68, and 75 of incubation and after hatching. We administered dexamethasone (Dex), 3,5,3Ј-triiodothyronine (T3), or a combination of both hormones (Dex ϩ T3), 48 and 24 h before each prehatching time point. Lavage analysis indicated that the maturation of the phospholipids (PL) in the lungs of embryonic crocodiles occurs rapidly. Only T3 and Dex ϩ T3 increased total PL in lavage at embryonic day 60, but Dex, T3, and Dex ϩ T3 increased PL at day 75. The saturation of the PLs was increased by T3 and Dex ϩ T3 at day 68. Swimming exercise did not increase the amount or alter the saturation of the surfactant PLs. Pretreatment of embryos with Dex, T3, or Dex ϩ T3 changed the secretion profiles of the isolated type II cells. Dex ϩ T3 increased the response of the cells to agonists at days 60 and 68. Therefore, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones regulate surfactant maturation in the crocodile.

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Section: Development Of Surfactant Pls In Crocodilessupporting

confidence: 61%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Control of the development of the pulmonary surfactant system in the saltwater crocodile,Crocodylus porosus

Sullivan

Orgeig

Daniels

2002

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…Type II cells develop within the atrial walls of the parabronchi between the 14th and 15th day of incubation [37] , and lamellar bodies appear on day 16 and increase in number to a maximum at day 18 [38] . Concomitantly, the amount of total phospholipids and DSPL increases in the final stages of incubation, and the DSPL:total phospholipid ratio becomes maximal at days 19-20 [39] . Around this time, the chicken fetus internally pips by piercing the air cell inner membrane with its beak and begins lung ventilation [22] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Pulmonary Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Disaturated Phospholipid Content in a Chicken Model of Hypoxia-Induced Fetal Growth Restriction

et al. 2009

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Background: Prenatal hypoxia is an important cause of intrauterine growth retardation that affects fetal lung maturation, although previous studies have rendered conflicting results. The fetal chicken model allows the study of the isolated effects of hypoxia during development. Objectives: We hypothesized that prenatal hypoxia would differentially affect surfactant synthesis, depending on timing and duration of hypoxia. Pulmonary vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was analyzed as a possible link between oxygen sensing and surfactant production. Methods: Fertilized White Leghorn eggs were incubated in normoxia, hyperoxia (60% O₂) from day 15 or hypoxia (15% O₂) from either day 6 or day 15 of incubation. Whole lung disaturated phospholipids (DSPL) and mRNA expression of VEGF isoforms were quantified at day 16 and 19. Results: Lung DSPL content increased approximately threefold between day 16 and 19 in control animals. Both hypoxia and hyperoxia from day 15 significantly increased DSPL content at day 19 versus control (103 ± 22 and 116 ± 18 vs. 81 ± 15 µg/mg protein, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively), while long-term hypoxia tended to decrease DSPL content (65 ± 17 µg/mg protein, p = 0.056). No differences in DSPL content were observed at day 16. Short-term hypoxia transiently up-regulated VEGF146 1.5-fold at day 16 (p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed for VEGF122 (p = 0.058) and VEGF190 (p = 0.08), while no differences were present at day 19. Conclusions: Both prenatal hypoxia and hyperoxia induced during critical windows of lung development differentially modulate surfactant synthesis. Our data support the concept that fetal oxygen tension is a key signal in the regulation of the surfactant system.

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“…Heterothermy represents one factor that may influence the molecular species composition of surfactant, as well as the cholesterol concentration. Other factors include development (6,25), disease (31), and differences and alterations in alveolar size (14) and respiratory rate (6,42). The combination of all these factors ultimately leads to differences in the composition of surfactant at the neutral lipid, PL, and protein levels and also at the molsp PL level enabling the surfactant to function if not optimally, at least effectively, at all physiological variables experienced by an animal in its daily or seasonal cycle, behavior, or development.…”

Section: Differences In Pl Molsp Compositions-a Fine-tuning Mechanism?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is not the major surfactant phospholipid species in all mammals

Lang¹,

Postle²,

Orgeig³

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Pulmonary surfactant, a complex mixture of lipids and proteins, lowers the surface tension in terminal air spaces and is crucial for lung function. Within an animal species, surfactant composition can be influenced by development, disease, respiratory rate, and/or body temperature. Here, we analyzed the composition of surfactant in three heterothermic mammals (dunnart, bat, squirrel), displaying different torpor patterns, to determine: 1) whether increases in surfactant cholesterol (Chol) and phospholipid (PL) saturation occur during long-term torpor in squirrels, as in bats and dunnarts; 2) whether surfactant proteins change during torpor; and 3) whether PL molecular species (molsp) composition is altered. In addition, we analyzed the molsp composition of a further nine mammals (including placental/marsupial and hetero-/homeothermic contrasts) to determine whether phylogeny or thermal behavior determines molsp composition in mammals. We discovered that like bats and dunnarts, surfactant Chol increases during torpor in squirrels. However, changes in PL saturation during torpor may not be universal. Torpor was accompanied by a decrease in surfactant protein A in dunnarts and squirrels, but not in bats, whereas surfactant protein B did not change in any species. Phosphatidylcholine (PC)16:0/16:0 is highly variable between mammals and is not the major PL in the wombat, dunnart, shrew, or Tasmanian devil. An inverse relationship exists between PC16:0/16:0 and two of the major fluidizing components, PC16:0/16:1 and PC16:0/14:0. The PL molsp profile of an animal species is not determined by phylogeny or thermal behavior. We conclude that there is no single PL molsp composition that functions optimally in all mammals; rather, surfactant from each animal is unique and tailored to the biology of that animal. lung; temperature; surfactant proteins; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; cholesterol PULMONARY SURFACTANT is a complex mixture of lipids (90% by weight) and proteins (10% by weight) that reduces surface tension in the terminal air spaces, thus preventing pulmonary collapse (39). Phospholipids (PL) comprise 80 -90% of the surfactant lipids, with phosphatidylcholine (PC) being the most abundant PL (70 -85%). In homeothermic mammalian surfactant, the disaturated molecular species (molsp), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (PC16:0/16:0) is traditionally considered to be the major contributor to surfactant surface activity (39). The anionic PLs, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) contribute ϳ10% to the total PL (39). The neutral lipid, cholesterol (Chol), comprises 10 -20 mol% of the total lipid (39) and is thought to contribute to surfactant fluidity and thus, spreadability over the alveolar surface (39). There are four surfactant proteins (SP). SP-A and SP-D are hydrophilic, calcium-dependent, carbohydrate-binding proteins involved in lung defense and surfactant homeostasis (22). SP-B and SP-C are hydrophobic proteins (40) that facilitate the adsorption of lipids to the air-liquid interface a...

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Development of the pulmonary surfactant system in two oviparous vertebrates

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

Control of the development of the pulmonary surfactant system in the saltwater crocodile,Crocodylus porosus

Control of the development of the pulmonary surfactant system in the saltwater crocodile,Crocodylus porosus

Pulmonary Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Disaturated Phospholipid Content in a Chicken Model of Hypoxia-Induced Fetal Growth Restriction

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is not the major surfactant phospholipid species in all mammals

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