Development of the primary bacterial microfouling layer on antifouling and fouling release coatings in temperate and tropical environments in Eastern Australia

Molino, Paul J.; Childs, S. J.; Hubbard, Maeve R Eason; Carey, Janet M.; Burgman, Mark A.; Wetherbee, Richard

doi:10.1080/08927010802592917

Cited by 76 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It has been shown that pennate diatoms dominate diatom communities in biofi lms (PATIL and ANIL 2005, and included citations) with frequently identifi ed pennate genera Navicula, Nitzschia, Cocconeis, Amphora (RAILKIN 2004), as was recorded in this study. The majority of studies showed the dominance of pennate genera Amphora, Navicula, Nitzchia (KHATOON et al 2007) and Cylindrotheca (MOLINO et al 2009;DOBRETSOV and THOMASON 2011;BRIAND et al 2012) on different artifi cial substrates as well as on fouling release coated substrates (CASSÉ and SWAIN 2006;ZARGIEL et al 2011). The recorded genera of diatoms in this study are therefore typical periphytic diatoms in biofi lms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Development of periphytic diatoms on different artificial substrates in the Eastern Adriatic Sea

Nenadović¹,

Šarčević²,

Čižmek³

et al. 2015

Acta Botanica Croatica

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-The settling of diatoms as fouling organisms on a certain substrate is greatly infl uenced by substrate characteristics and the preferences of a diatom community and diatom species. A distinction among substrates can be made by analysing the specifi c abundance and composition of diatoms on different substrates. In this study, 11 different artificial substrates were exposed to a marine environment for a period of 30 days. Abundance and taxonomic composition of periphytic diatoms was determined on each of the substrates and on shoots of the marine seagrass Posidonia oceanica. The aim was to compare diatom community structure on different newly colonized surfaces. On all surfaces examined, periphytic diatoms were the pioneering organisms with differences in quantitative and qualitative composition on the different substrates. Taxonomic analysis of diatom communities on the substrates examined revealed 41 diatom taxa, with the dominant genera Cylindrotheca, Amphora, Nitzschia, Cocconeis and Navicula. Given that all the examined artifi cial substrates were solid materials, differences in the abundance and species composition of diatoms found between the materials point to the substrates' physical and chemical characteristics as a major infl uence on the fi nal settling of diatoms. Knowledge from investigating the settlement of fouling organisms on anthropogenic substrates can have future use in management of waste materials that end up in the marine environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Development of periphytic diatoms on different artificial substrates in the Eastern Adriatic Sea

Nenadović¹,

Šarčević²,

Čižmek³

et al. 2015

Acta Botanica Croatica

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“…Some of these effects have also been reported in field observations 16 . However, colonization models are mostly based on studies of natural substrata, such as wood and stone or traditional AF coatings that rapidly foul, and there are only a few reports that study the colonization of modern, non-biocidal AF coatings by microorganisms 19,20 . Fouling by biofilms composed of communities of bacteria, diatoms, fungi and protozoa has been largely ignored until recently, because the focus of research has been on macrofouling.…”

Section: Fouling Organisms and Their Settlement And Adhesion Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings

2011

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'marine biofouling', the undesired growth of marine organisms such as microorganisms, barnacles and seaweeds on submerged surfaces, is a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental penalties. the primary strategy for combating marine fouling is to use biocide-containing paints, but environmental concerns and legislation are driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based solely on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. advances in nanotechnology and polymer science, and the development of novel surface designs 'bioinspired' by nature, are expected to have a significant impact on the development of a new generation of environmentally friendly marine coatings. Marine biofouling, the colonization of submerged surfaces by unwanted marine organisms ( Fig. 1), has detrimental effects on shipping and leisure vessels, heat exchangers, oceanographic sensors and aquaculture systems. For example, it has been shown that the increased roughness presented by a heavily fouled ship hull can result in powering penalties of up to 86% at cruising speed; even relatively light fouling by diatom 'slimes' can generate a 10-16% penalty 1 . Without effective antifouling (AF) measures, in order to maintain speed, fuel consumption (and therefore greenhouse gas emissions 2 ) increase significantly. A recent analysis of the economic impact of biofouling for the Arleigh Burke DDG-51 destroyers, which comprise 30% of the ships in the US Navy fleet, estimates the overall cost associated with hull fouling at $56 million per annum 3 . This figure is based on the present AF coating system, cleaning and fouling level (typically heavy slime) of the Navy. If the analysis is extended to the entire US Navy fleet, the approximate cost of hull fouling is between $180 and 260 million per annum.Marine biofouling is ubiquitous and has been a practical problem ever since man sailed the oceans; controlling it, without simultaneously creating unacceptable environmental impacts on non-target species is a considerable challenge. Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the fundamental science behind the processes involved in biofouling, and in the design of novel coatings and other non-coating technologies. The main driver for this is legislation that has outlawed some highly effective AF paints, notably the use of tributyltin oxide, and posed a stricter evaluation and regulatory regime on the use of alternative biocides. 'Green' alternatives to biocide-based technologies are therefore urgently sought by the marine coatings industry, and there is considerable interest in developing biocide-free coatings that rely on surface physico-chemical and bulk materials properties to either deter organisms from attaching in the first place ('prevention is better than cure') or reduce the adhesion strength of those that do attach, so that they are easily removed by the shear forces generated by ship movement or mild mechanical cleaning devices.

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“…To predict the actual total number of bacteria under the cover slip, Equation 1 was used for each statistical measure, Total number of bacteria = statistical measure × 13,924 (…”

Section: Assessing the Accuracy And Reliability Of The Estimated Statmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on marine biofilms developing on surfaces submerged in the sea reported the use of scalpels to remove the biofilm from the substratum prior to enumeration on membrane filters [8][9][10][11][12]. Few studies reported the use of microscope slides to develop a biofilm and consequently enumerate bacteria in their native, hydrated conditions [6,13,14]. The originally developed method [15] involved the counting of the number of bacterial cells on the glass slide or using a filter within several squares of an ocular graticule or the use of a Whipping grid at 1000× magnification [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Reliability of Counting Bacteria Using Epifluorescence Microscopy

Muthukrishnan

Govender

Dobretsov

et al. 2017

JMSE

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Abstract:The common practice of counting bacteria using epifluorescence microscopy involves selecting 5-30 random fields of view on a glass slide to calculate the arithmetic mean which is then used to estimate the total bacterial abundance. However, not much is known about the accuracy of the arithmetic mean when it is calculated by selecting random fields of view and its effect on the overall abundance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the arithmetic mean by estimating total bacterial abundance and to calculate its variance using a bootstrapping technique. Three fixed suspensions obtained from a three-week-old marine biofilm were stained and dispersed on glass slides. Bacterial cells were counted from a total of 13,924 fields of view on each slide. Total bacterial count data obtained were used for calculating the arithmetic mean and associated variance and bias for sample field sizes of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40. The study revealed a non-uniform distribution of bacterial cells on the glass slide. A minimum of 20 random fields of view or a minimum of 350 bacterial cells need to be counted to obtain a reliable value of the arithmetic mean to estimate the total bacterial abundance for a marine biofilm sample dispersed on a glass slide.

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Development of the primary bacterial microfouling layer on antifouling and fouling release coatings in temperate and tropical environments in Eastern Australia

Cited by 76 publications

References 38 publications

Development of periphytic diatoms on different artificial substrates in the Eastern Adriatic Sea

Development of periphytic diatoms on different artificial substrates in the Eastern Adriatic Sea

Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings

Evaluating the Reliability of Counting Bacteria Using Epifluorescence Microscopy

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