Development of the Optokinetic Response in Macaques

Distler, C.; Hoffmann, Klaus‐Peter

doi:10.1196/annals.1303.002

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…OKN is relatively robust in infants and is likely to reflect the function of subcortical structures like the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), which gets strong direct retinal input in infants. The retinal input is dominant in newborn macaques and kittens; cortical input to the NOT appears only after a few weeks and gradually comes to balance the retinal influence over the directionality of NOT cells (Distler et al, 1999; Distler & Hoffmann, 2003). This gradual shift from retinally dominant to cortically driven activity in the NOT may explain the decrease in performance documented by Dobkins et al (2004) over the early postnatal months in human infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies suggest that pattern motion perception develops very early, earlier than one would expect from studies of direction sensitivity using simple 1D stimuli or uniform global motion stimuli. Since these studies used OKN rather than a behavioral response, it is possible that the measured performance represents the function of subcortical visual structures rather than cortical areas like MT (Distler & Hoffmann, 2003). Thus, the link to perception remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normal development of pattern motion sensitivity in macaque monkeys

Hall-Haro

Kiorpes

2008

Vis Neurosci

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We studied the development of sensitivity to complex motion using plaid patterns. We hypothesized, based on neurophysiological data showing a dearth of pattern direction-selective (PDS) cells in area medial temporal (MT) of infant macaques, that sensitivity to pattern motion would develop later than other forms of global motion sensitivity. We tested 10 macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) ranging in age from 7 weeks to 109-160 weeks (adult). The monkeys discriminated horizontal from vertical pattern motion; sensitivity for one-dimensional (1D) direction discrimination and detection were tested as control tasks. The results show that pattern motion discrimination ability develops relatively late, between 10 and 18 weeks, while performance on the 1D control tasks was excellent at the earliest test ages. Plaid discrimination performance depends on both the speed and spatial scale of the underlying patterns. However, development is not limited by contrast sensitivity. These results support the idea that pattern motion perception depends on a different mechanism than other forms of global motion perception and are consistent with the idea that the representation of PDS neurons in MT may limit the development of complex motion perception.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal development of pattern motion sensitivity in macaque monkeys

Hall-Haro

Kiorpes

2008

Vis Neurosci

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“…Optokinetic responses (OKRs) are reflexive eye movements induced by a moving visual pattern (Collewijn, 1991;Distler and Hoffmann, 2003;Stahl, 2004Stahl, , 2008Leigh and Zee, 2006;Buttner and Kremmyda, 2007;Kodama and du Lac, 2016). When a visual pattern starts to move, the eyes begin to move toward the direction of the stimulus motion to produce an initial phase OKR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Aging on the Retina and Visual Motion Processing for Optokinetic Responses in Mice

et al. 2020

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The decline in visual function due to normal aging impacts various aspects of our daily lives. Previous reports suggest that the aging retina exhibits mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals and reduced amplitudes of scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses in mice. These abnormalities are thought to contribute to age-related visual impairment; however, the extent to which visual function is impaired by aging at the organismal level is unclear. In the present study, we focus on the age-related changes of the optokinetic responses (OKRs) in visual processing. Moreover, we investigated the initial and late phases of the OKRs in young adult (2–3 months old) and aging mice (21–24 months old). The initial phase was evaluated by measuring the open-loop eye velocity of OKRs using sinusoidal grating patterns of various spatial frequencies (SFs) and moving at various temporal frequencies (TFs) for 0.5 s. The aging mice exhibited initial OKRs with a spatiotemporal frequency tuning that was slightly different from those in young adult mice. The late-phase OKRs were investigated by measuring the slow-phase velocity of the optokinetic nystagmus evoked by sinusoidal gratings of various spatiotemporal frequencies moving for 30 s. We found that optimal SF and TF in the normal aging mice are both reduced compared with those in young adult mice. In addition, we measured the OKRs of 4.1G-null (4.1G–/–) mice, in which mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals is observed even at the young adult stage. We found that the late phase OKR was significantly impaired in 4.1G–/– mice, which exhibit significantly reduced SF and TF compared with control mice. These OKR abnormalities observed in 4.1G–/– mice resemble the abnormalities found in normal aging mice. This finding suggests that these mice can be useful mouse models for studying the aging of the retinal tissue and declining visual function. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that normal aging deteriorates to visual motion processing for both the initial and late phases of OKRs. Moreover, it implies that the abnormalities of the visual function in the normal aging mice are at least partly due to mislocalization of photoreceptor synapses.

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“…). In principle, this type of information may be relevant for cerebellar motor learning, such as goal‐directed adaptation of reaching tasks of the limbs, smooth pursuit eye movements or compensatory eye movements (CEMs) (Robinson, ; Distler & Hoffmann, ; Smith & Shadmehr, ; Tseng et al . ; Cahill & Nathans, ; Medina & Lisberger, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms underlying vestibulo‐cerebellar motor learning in mice depend on movement direction

Voges

Post

et al. 2017

The Journal of Physiology

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Key points Directionality, inherent to movements, has behavioural and neuronal correlates.Direction of vestibular stimulation determines motor learning efficiency.Vestibulo‐ocular reflex gain–increase correlates with Purkinje cell simple spike potentiation.The locus of neural correlates for vestibulo‐ocular reflex adaptation is paradigm specific. AbstractCompensatory eye movements elicited by head rotation, also known as vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR), can be adapted with the use of visual feedback. The cerebellum is essential for this type of movement adaptation, although its neuronal correlates remain to be clarified. In the present study, we show that the direction of vestibular input determines the magnitude of eye movement adaptation induced by mismatched visual input in mice, with larger changes during contraversive head rotation. Moreover, the location of the neural correlate of this changed behaviour depends on the type of paradigm. Gain–increase paradigms induce increased simple spike (SS) activity in ipsilateral cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC), which is in line with eye movements triggered by optogenetic PC activation. By contrast, gain–decrease paradigms do not induce changes in SS activity, indicating that the murine vestibulo‐cerebellar cortical circuitry is optimally designed to enhance ipsiversive eye movements.

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Development of the Optokinetic Response in Macaques

Cited by 26 publications

References 29 publications

Normal development of pattern motion sensitivity in macaque monkeys

Normal development of pattern motion sensitivity in macaque monkeys

Influence of Aging on the Retina and Visual Motion Processing for Optokinetic Responses in Mice

Mechanisms underlying vestibulo‐cerebellar motor learning in mice depend on movement direction

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