“…It is well known that breast milk plays a direct role in imprinting the neonatal biome by adding certain bacterial species such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus to the infant's gastrointestinal tract (enteromammary pathway) [8]. Formulafed babies have a different microbial status than those fed human milk [9]. Additionally, breast milk contains immunoglobulins, growth factors, hormones, lactoferrin, glutamine, polyunsaturated fatty acids and oligosaccharides, which give beneficial microbes a specific substrate for growth.…”