“…High-pressure, water-rich strata OPC, sand, fly ash, silica fume, steel slag, sodium bentonite Better stability [34] Wuhan, Hubei Province, China Under river OPC, steel slag, fly ash, slag, metakaolin, sodium silicate, Better corrosion resistance [35] Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China Soft soil strata OPC, fly ash, hydrated lime, sand, clay, sodium bentonite, Good workability and corrosion resistance [36] Wuhan, Hubei Province, China Water-rich strata OPC, sand, fly ash, silica fume, SPs, HEC Good flow and strength properties [37] Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China Loess ground OPC, sand, fly ash, sodium bentonite, micro-expansive agents Higher strength and good workability [38] Beijing, China Water-rich strata OPC, fly ash, slag, sodium silicate, sodium bentonite, retarder agents Better liquidity performance [39] Beijing, China Sulfate-rich environment Cement, fly ash, slag, sodium silicate, sodium bentonite Good flow and strength properties [40] Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China Complex ground OPC, CSA, silica fume, early strength agent High early strength and better durability [41] The potential and suitability of different ISW types in the production of grouting materials were explored by investigating their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. For instance, waste slag, fly ash, and steel slag have been extensively studied and applied in grouting material preparation; the details are shown in Figure 4 [42][43][44][45][46][47].…”