Development of the long head of the biceps brachial tendon: A possible explanation of the anatomical variations

Congenital absence of the bilateral long heads of the biceps brachii tendons in a patient with Silver-Russell syndrome

“…Recent histological evaluations have demonstrated that the LHBT arises from the mesenchymal interzone between weeks 6 and 8 of fetal development [13] . Mesenchymal interzones are dense and compact zones of cells that form articular chondrocytes and other joint tissue between the 7th and 12th week of development [14] .…”

Congenital Absence of the Long Head of Biceps and Posterior Radial Head Dislocation

“…Subsequently, the capsule and the ligaments differentiate from the synovial layer. Differentiation of the biceps tendon occurs during the 6th and 8th week of embryonic development, hence any alterations at this crucial period may result in long biceps tendon malformations [1] . In some cases agenesis of LHBT may be associated with other congenital malformations such as glenoid dysplasia [2] , Radial defects [3] and, as in our case, a congenital posterior dislocation of the elbow.…”