Development of the Japanese Parenting Style Scale and examination of its validity and reliability

Abstract

Parenting is an essential factor affecting child development. Therefore, several studies have focused on individual differences in parenting (i.e., parenting styles). However, there exist only a few useful scales in Japan, especially for parents who have preschool children. Therefore, a new scale for assessing parenting styles in Japan, based on the traditional theoretical framework, was developed, and examined for its validity and reliability. In Study 1, 82 original items were constructed and 1236 parents with preschool children completed these items. Next, 28 items for the Japanese Parenting Style Scale (JPSS) were selected based on factor analysis and the analyses of the graded response model. The JPSS included four factors: warmth, hostility, permissiveness, and harsh control. The results showed that each sub-scale had sufficient conceptual validity and internal consistency. In Study 2, the criterion-related validity of the JPSS was examined. A total of 1236 parents, non-participants in Study 1, completed the JPSS and other scales. The results showed sufficient criterion-related validity for the scale.

Parenting and parenting resources among Chinese parents with children under three years of age: rural and urban differences

“…The Seventh National Census of China in 2020 reported rural and urban differences in population distributions (e.g., percentage of citizens aged 25–35 years with college or higher degree: urban 27.1% VS rural 3.2%; families with only one child: urban 54.3% VS rural 38.7%; income per capita: urban 3,529 RMB VS rural 1,335 RMB; marriage rate: urban 70.9% VS rural 73.9%) [ 46 ]. In addition, previous evidence also indicated that family income [ 51 ], parental age [ 51 , 52 ], marital status [ 53 ], number of children in the household [ 54 , 55 ], child age [ 52 , 56 ], and help from other caregivers [ 57 ] were associated with parenting styles. Therefore, differences in parental age, monthly income per capita (CNY), marital status, number of children, age of the target child, and whether they had other caregivers caring for the child between rural and urban parents were affected by rural and urban residency (and hence, they were not confounders [ 58 ]) and may explain the rural–urban differences in parenting and parenting service utilization and needs, and hence were operationalized as mediators in the study.…”

Parenting in diaspora: A Japanese case study of sojourners and stayers in Western Australia

“…Research focusing on individual differences in parenting style and emotional and behavioural adjustment highlights that parenting is an essential factor affecting child development [14] . For example, positive parent-child support early in life can shield against various forms of difficulties, as well as have a positive impact on all areas of development, including language and communication, executive function, self-regulation, relationships with siblings and peers, academic achievement, mental and physical health [15] .…”