“…The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) [12,13] and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QDS) [14,15] are two reliable, valid and widely used PROMs in spine care that have been validated for use with numerous languages since first being reported in English. Validation studies of the Spanish [16], French-Canadian [17], Danish [18], Chinese [19,20], German [21], Korean [22], Polish [23], Italian [24], Persian [25], Finnish [26], Turkish [27], Brazilian-Portuguese [28], Norwegian [29] and Greek [30] versions of the ODI have all been published. Nine validation studies on national versions of the QDS (Greek [31], Turkish [32], Polish [23], Persian [25], Portuguese [33], Korean [34], Dutch [35], French [36] and Arabic [37]) have been reported so far.…”