Development of the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis of the equine fetus: A comparative review

Wood, Charles E.; Cudd, Timothy A.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05082.x

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…In many species, prepartum activation of the fetal HPA axis is also involved in the onset of labour. In man and other primates, parturition is facilitated by increased adrenal output of oestrogen precursors, whereas in ruminants, it is the cortisol surge itself that induces labour by actions on uteroplacental steroidogenesis and prostaglandin production (Wood and Cudd 1997; Challis et al . 2000).…”

Section: The Hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the horse, activation of the HPA axis occurs late in gestation compared with other species (Rossdale et al . 1973; Fowden and Silver 1995; Wood and Cudd 1997). Fetal cortisol concentrations only begin to rise about 5 days before birth and then escalate rapidly towards term in pony foals (Fig 1b).…”

Section: The Hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2005). There may, therefore, be changes in the bioactivity of pituitary ACTH during the neonatal period or, alternatively, other factors, such as adrenal innervation, may act to increase adrenocortical sensitivity to endogenous ACTH during stressful conditions in foals by age 14 days (Edwards 1997; Wood and Cudd 1997).…”

Section: The Hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also support the suggestion that other factors are involved in the subsequent post natal changes in adreno cortical ACTH responsiveness (Fig 2a). These factors include adrenal blood flow, ACTH receptor density, ACTH clearance and the release of adreno‐medullary peptides with effects on the adrenal cortex (Fowden and Silver 1995; Wood and Cudd 1997).…”

Section: The Hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endocrine adaptations in the foal over the perinatal period

Fowden

Forhead

Ousey

2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryIn adapting to life ex utero, the foal encounters a number of physiological challenges. It has to assume the nutritional, respiratory and excretory functions of the placenta and activate full regulatory control over its own internal environment for the first time. To achieve this, there must be structural and functional changes to a wide range of tissues including several endocrine glands. In most species, including the horse, these maturational changes begin in late gestation and continue into the first few days of neonatal life. Consequently, during this perinatal period, there are major changes in the sensitivity and/or set point of key endocrine axes, which alter the circulating hormone concentrations in the foal. In turn, these endocrine changes are responsible for many of the other physiological adaptations essential for neonatal survival. The perinatal alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are particularly important in these processes, although the sympatho-adrenal medullary axis and endocrine pancreas also have key roles in ensuring homeostasis during the multiple novel stimuli experienced at birth. Abnormalities in the perinatal endocrine profile caused by adverse conditions before or after birth may, therefore, lead to maladaptation or aid survival of the newborn foal depending on the specific circumstances. This review examines the perinatal changes in endocrinology in normal and compromised foals and the role of these endocrine changes in the physiological adaptations to extrauterine life with particular emphasis on the HPA axis, adreno-medullary catecholamines and the endocrine pancreas.

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Section: The Hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Endocrine adaptations in the foal over the perinatal period

Fowden

Forhead

Ousey

2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…1995; Han et al. 1995; Wood and Cudd 1997). Because cortisol is essential for foetal maturation, foals delivered before the rise in foetal cortisol exhibit typical signs of prematurity and may die from multi‐organ failure.…”

Section: Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ascending Placentitis in the Mare: An Update

LeBlanc

2010

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Contents Ascending placentitis is a common cause of premature birth, abortion and delivery of compromised, ill foals. Recent experimental models have investigated diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies in an attempt to improve live foal rate. Diagnostics such as transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography are used to evaluate foetal well‐being and placental separation, while measurement of plasma progestins or oestrogen identifies a stressed or hypoxic foetus. Treatment is directed at stopping spread of infection, maintaining uterine quiescence and blocking production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. It must be instituted early if a pregnancy is to be saved. Treatments include antibiotics, tocolytics and immunomodulators. Prompt, aggressive treatment with antibiotics has improved foal viability in experimental models of placentitis.

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Handbook of Clinical Obstetrics

Reece¹,

Hobbins

Gant³

2007

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Development of the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis of the equine fetus: A comparative review

Cited by 13 publications

References 104 publications

Endocrine adaptations in the foal over the perinatal period

Endocrine adaptations in the foal over the perinatal period

Ascending Placentitis in the Mare: An Update

Handbook of Clinical Obstetrics

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