Development of the heart: (3) Formation of the ventricular outflow tracts, arterial valves, and intrapericardial arterial trunks

Anderson, Robert H.; Webb, Simon J.; Brown, Nigel A.; Lamers, Wouter H.; Moorman, Antoon F.M.

doi:10.1136/heart.89.9.1110

Cited by 185 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…More specifically, in the case of the intercalated cushions, Anderson et al (2003), in support of the transdifferentiation hypothesis of the truncal myocardium to smooth muscle tissue, hypothesize that the parietal surfaces of the sinuses of Valsalva related to the intercalated cushions are due to the arterialization of the truncal myocardial mantel, whereas the smooth muscle surface of the other four central cusps is supposed to be the result of differentiation of the truncal cushion mesenchyme. In contrast, considering the myocardial cuff retraction (Thompson and Fitzharris, 1979a) and the caudal elongation of the aortic sac supplied by SHF smooth muscle precursor cells (Waldo et al, 2005b) and in considering further that such a precursor cells might form the smooth muscle wall of the sinuses of Valsalva, a question arises, we think, about the potentially different derivative source of the arterial walls of these sinuses.…”

Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In contrast, considering the myocardial cuff retraction (Thompson and Fitzharris, 1979a) and the caudal elongation of the aortic sac supplied by SHF smooth muscle precursor cells (Waldo et al, 2005b) and in considering further that such a precursor cells might form the smooth muscle wall of the sinuses of Valsalva, a question arises, we think, about the potentially different derivative source of the arterial walls of these sinuses. Indeed, while the arterial surface walling the intercalated truncal swellings would be most probably of aortic sac origin, as previously emphasized (Waldo et al, 2005b), on the other hand, the arterial surface related to the two main septal truncal cushions should be the result of a-SMA differentiation of the local truncal endocardial cushion mesenchymal cells themselves, as Anderson et al (2003) seem to suggest.…”

Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In this respect, Ya et al (1998a) and more recently Anderson et al (2003) reemphasized the concept originally advanced by Patten (1964) and Arguello et al (1978) according to which, in the definitive heart, the smooth muscle tissue of the sinuses of Valsalva and even the intrapericardial portions of the great arteries are the result of a transdifferentiation of the myocardial mantel of the embryonic truncus arteriosus.…”

Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, it is also important to emphasize, as previously mentioned, that since no apoptosis was identified along the truncal myocardial wall (Ya et al, 1998a), as a consequence, the myocardial retraction is not to be referred to as a programmed cell death. Specifically, as far as the development of the sinuses of Valsalva is concerned, Anderson et al (2003) emphasize the fact that some sort of cavitation is supposed to occur within the truncal and the intercalated endocardial cushions. According to these authors, indeed, this sort of excavation produces a central luminal part of each cushion to form the arterial valvar leaflets, whereas the peripheral part becomes arterialized to form the wall of the supporting valvar sinuses.…”

Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiac outflow tract: A review of some embryogenetic aspects of the conotruncal region of the heart

et al. 2006

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A review concerning some embryogenetic aspects of the cardiac outflow tract is presented. Two main topics are discussed: the truncal septation and the secondary heart field. In the context of the septation of the truncus arteriosus, the development of the arterial valves is largely discussed, particularly in reference to the sinuses of Valsalva. Emphasis is also given to the fate of the external myocardial wall of the truncus arteriosus, as this primordial myocardial surface disappears later in the development. Molecular genetics data concerning Sox4 and NF-Atc transcription factors are correlated in the present review with rare forms of truncus malformations encountered in human pathology. The roles exerted by the secondary heart field and the neural crest on the development and growth of the conotruncal musculature are largely discussed. Reported experimental ablations of both secondary heart field and neural crest, showed conotruncal defects such as persistent truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, and double-outlet right ventricle, which were considered as the result of a short outflow tract causing, ultimately, a lack of conotruncal rotation. In this regard, some morphologic correlations are carried out, in the present review, between these experimental animal models and human malformations, and it is thought that this sort of conotruncal defects cannot be explained always in terms of conotruncal hypoplasia. Finally, influence of Pitx2c, a left-right laterality signaling gene, on the modulation of the conotruncal rotation, as most recently reported, is emphasized in terms of very likely multifactorial contributions in the embryogenesis of the conotruncal region of the heart. Anat Rec Part A, 288A: 936-943, 2006

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Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiac outflow tract: A review of some embryogenetic aspects of the conotruncal region of the heart

et al. 2006

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“…The embryonic OFT tissues are believed to contribute to the valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery and tissues below the valves, including the infundibulum of the mature right ventricle (de la Cruz et al, 1977). Below the aortic valve is fibrous tissue, whereas under the pulmonary artery is the smoothwalled, striated muscle-lined infundibular chamber (also called the conus) demarcated by the crista supraventricularis (parietal band), the septal band, and moderator band (for review, see Anderson et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoptosis in the developing mouse heart

Barbosky

Lawrence

Karunamuni

et al. 2006

Developmental Dynamics

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Apoptosis occurs at high frequency in the myocardium of the developing avian cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Upor down-regulating apoptosis results in defects resembling human conotruncal heart anomalies. This finding suggested that regulated levels of apoptosis are critical for normal morphogenesis of the four-chambered heart. Recent evidence supports an important role for hypoxia of the OFT myocardium in regulating cell death and vasculogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether apoptosis in the outflow tract myocardium occurs in the mouse heart during developmental stages comparable to the avian heart and to determine whether differential hypoxia is also present at this site in the murine heart. Apoptosis was detected using a fluorescent vital dye, Lysotracker Red (LTR), in the OFT myocardium of the mouse starting at embryonic day (E) 12.5, peaking at E13.5-14.5, and declining thereafter to low or background levels by E18.5. In addition, high levels of apoptosis were detected in other cardiac regions, including the apices of the ventricles and along the interventricular sulcus. Apoptosis in the myocardium was detected by double-labeling with LTR and cardiomyocyte markers. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick endlabeling (TUNEL) and immunostaining for cleaved Caspase-3 were used to confirm the LTR results. At the peak of OFT apoptosis in the mouse, the OFT myocardium was relatively hypoxic, as indicated by specific and intense EF5 staining and HIF1␣ nuclear localization, and was surrounded by the developing vasculature as in the chicken embryo. These findings suggest that cardiomyocyte apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for normal morphogenesis of the outflow tract myocardium in avian and mammalian species.

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Vertebrate Embryo: An Overview of Heart Development and the Utilisation of Multiple Animal Models in Research

England

Loughna

2018

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defects which affect almost 1% of the population. Therefore, researchers have spent time getting a deeper understanding of the complex processes of cardiogenesis, from the development of the heart's architecture to the cellular and molecular processes involved. In achieving this, numerous vertebrate animal models, such as mouse, chick, zebrafish and xenopus, have been utilised in understanding the complexity of heart development. However, key differences exist between the human heart and these vertebrate models. Key Concepts The early heart tube arises from a population of cells in the visceral mesoderm. A second population of cells known as the second heart field contribute to the developing heart tube, driving developmental processes. Heart looping ensures that the venous and arterial poles are correctly positioned and aligned. Atrial septation divides the primitive atrium into right and left atrial chambers. Ventricular septation allows for the separation of the left and right ventricles. Animal models used to study human cardiogenesis and congenital anomalies have developmental differences to humans, which are important in interpreting experimental results. Animal models have different advantages and limitations as experimental organisms.

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Development of the heart: (3) Formation of the ventricular outflow tracts, arterial valves, and intrapericardial arterial trunks

Cited by 185 publications

References 13 publications

Cardiac outflow tract: A review of some embryogenetic aspects of the conotruncal region of the heart

Cardiac outflow tract: A review of some embryogenetic aspects of the conotruncal region of the heart

Apoptosis in the developing mouse heart

Vertebrate Embryo: An Overview of Heart Development and the Utilisation of Multiple Animal Models in Research

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