Development of the Grammar and Phonology Screening (GAPS) test to assess key markers of specific language and literacy difficulties in young children

Abstract

Background: Despite a large body of evidence regarding reliable indicators of language deficits in young children, there has not been a standardized, quick screen for language impairment. The Grammar and Phonology Screening (GAPS) test was therefore designed as a short, reliable assessment of young children's language abilities. Aims: GAPS was designed to provide a quick screening test to assess whether pre-and early school entry children have the necessary grammar and prereading phonological skills needed for education and social development. This paper reports the theoretical background to the test, the pilot study and reliability, and the standardization. Methods: This 10-min test comprises 11 test sentences and eight test nonsense words for direct imitation and is designed to highlight significant markers of language impairment and reading difficulties. To standardize the GAPS, 668 children aged 3.4-6.6 were tested across the UK, taking into account population distribution and socio-economic status. The test was carried out by a range of health and education professionals as well as by students and carers using only simple, written instructions. Results: GAPS is effective in detecting a range of children in need of further indepth assessment or monitoring for language difficulties. The results concur

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