Development of the Direct Osmotic Concentration System

Flynn, Michael; Delzeit, Lance; Gormly, Sherwin; Howard, Kevin; Richardson, Tra-My Justine; Shaw, Hali; Cath, Tzahi Y.; Adams, V. Dean; Childress, Amy E.

doi:10.2514/6.2010-6098

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The performance of FO as a water purification device along with other applications has been evaluated by many [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. NASA has also tested FO for the treatment of space craft wastewater [5-9 &17-25].…”

Section: T Control Id#: 1281699 Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forward Osmosis Cargo Transfer Bag

Flynn

Soler

Shull

et al. 2012

42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems

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All human space missions, regardless of destination, require significant logistical mass and volume. The amount required is a function of the mission duration. Reducing this logistical mass and volume by reusing items that would otherwise become trash can reduce launch weight and consequently mission costs. This paper describes a logistics reduction technology based on repurposing International Space Station (ISS) Crew Transfer Bags (CTB). CTBs are fabric cargo containers, which conform to specific dimensional and material requirements for space flight. This paper describes the development of a Forward Osmosis Cargo Transfer Bag (FO-CTB) that can be reused on orbit to provide radiation sheading and water recycling capacity. The design, construction and testing of a prototype FO-CTB at the Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-Rats) Habitat Demonstration Unit (HDU) in 2011 is described. In addition, a summary of the results of a flight experiment performed to evaluate the effect of microgravity on the forward osmosis (FO) membrane bags used in the FO-CTB is also discussed. Future plans for the continued development of the FO-CTB are also discussed.

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Section: T Control Id#: 1281699 Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forward Osmosis Cargo Transfer Bag

Flynn

Soler

Shull

et al. 2012

42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems

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“…These matrices are more complex than the synthetic solutions or biologically treated municipal secondary effluents that have been evaluated in previous research. FO-RO hybrid treatment of complex matrices has been limited to rejection of DOC and nutrients in anaerobic centrate and urine, , but not pathogens or organic contaminants. Pilot-scale evaluation of interconnected FO-RO hybrid treatment of these high-DOC matrices is important for encompassing effects such as the accumulation of contaminants in FO draw solutions and passage of contaminants via defects in membrane modules (e.g., leaking seals).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Pathogens and Chemicals of Emerging Concern by Pilot-Scale FO-RO Hybrid Units Treating RO Concentrate, Graywater, and Sewage for Centralized and Decentralized Potable Reuse

et al. 2020

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This study evaluated the water quality produced by forward osmosis-reverse osmosis (FO-RO) treatment at pilot scale of RO concentrate generated at centralized potable reuse facilities and of graywater and filtered sewage for decentralized potable reuse systems. Despite the concentrated nature of these challenging source waters, the concentrations of general water quality parameters in permeate produced by FO-RO treatment were comparable to those in conventional RO permeate produced at centralized facilities. However, the 4.3 mg of N/L ammonia in the permeate from FO-RO treatment of sewage would require high chlorine doses to leave a free chlorine residual. Graywater featured higher concentrations of 1,4-dioxane and chloroform compared to those of sewage. FO-RO treatment achieved >98% rejection of all of the 16−18 organic contaminants (non-disinfection byproducts) spiked into each of the three source waters, even though the rejection of benzotriazole was as low as 50% by the FO membrane alone. FO-RO treatment achieved ≥6.7-log removal of bacteriophage MS2 spiked into graywater and sewage, ≥5.4-log removal of native Escherichia coli (E. Coli) in graywater, and 7.9-log removal of native E. coli in sewage. However, the detection of MS2 and E. coli in the FO-RO permeates indicates that additional disinfection is needed. FO-RO rejection of chloroform and Nnitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in FO feedwater was ∼75%. The trihalomethane concentrations exceeded regulatory limits when the FO-RO permeate from graywater treatment was chlorinated. While the NDMA concentration exceeded the 10 ng/L Notification Level during chlorination or chloramination of the FO-RO permeates from all three water sources, it also exceeded the Notification Level in the permeate of the primary RO treatment unit at the centralized reuse facility. In both cases, additional treatment (e.g., ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation) is needed to control NDMA. Overall, the results indicate that FO-RO treatment can be a potentially robust component of a treatment train producing high-quality water from treatment of RO concentrate at centralized facilities and graywater or filtered sewage for decentralized applications.

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“…Forward Osmosis is a process where the osmotic potential between two fluids of differing solute/solvent concentration is equalized by the movement of solvent from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution. 3 This is typically accomplished through the use of a semi-permeable membrane that separates the two solutions. Such FO processes and corresponding membranes have been researched and developed by NASA since 1995 for use in future water recycling systems aboard both short and long duration human space missions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 In the FOST system, a FO module is used as a pretreatment step to minimize fouling in the reverse osmosis membrane. In this system, as in the DOC system, 3 clean water passes through the FO semi-permeable membrane into the osmotic agent (OA). Water is then removed from the OA through the RO system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This testing is being done as a research effort to develop FO membrane with better performance characteristics and process-specific functionality. The results of these test can be used to re-evaluate the use of FO membranes in the Direct Osmosis Concentration (DOC) System, 3 the Forward Osmosis Cargo Transfer Bag (FOB), 5 the Habitat Water Wall, 4 the Sustainability Base, 7 the Forward Osmosis Secondary Treatment (FOST) system, 6 the Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO), 1 the Fertilizer Draw Forward Osmosis (FDFO), 9 and the Offshore Membrane Enclosure for Growing Algae (OMEGA). 8 The test results of the zNANO membrane are compared with commercially available FO membranes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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zNano Forward Osmosis Membrane for Wastewater Treatment Processes

Richardson¹,

Flynn

Brozell³

2013

43rd International Conference on Environmental Systems

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Forward osmosis (FO) is used as a pretreatment to minimize reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling in short and long term spacecraft wastewater treatment processes. Commercially available FO membranes have low water flux rates resulting in large size and mass requirements in Forward Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis (FO/RO) systems. Large system size translates to higher launch cost. Therefore, FO membranes that have higher water flux rates improve the overall FO/RO system economics. This paper describes the ML-1 zNANO LLC lipid based FO membranes testing results. The zNANO membranes are based on a lipidbilayer that can be used both in microfiltration and FO processes. zNANO membranes can be manufactured in a variety of layers configurations and electrical charges. This ability to manipulate membrane surface charges can be particularly useful as one can fabricate a membrane tailored for a specific process. This research characterized the u n s u p p o r t e d zNANO M L-1 membranes in order to optimize their performance in terms of water flux rates and contaminant rejection. Initial testing results indicated that t h e M L-1 zNANO membranes have 12 times the water flux rates than that of commercially available membrane when deionized water was used as the feed and with 2 mol/l sodium chloride solution was used as the brine. When secondary wastewater was used as the feed solution, the ML-1 zNANO membrane has 4.4 times the water flux rates than that of the commercially available membrane. In addition, the zNANO ML-1 membrane reject 82±14ppm, 90±7ppm, 92±4ppm, 92±3ppm, 88±3ppm, and 86±17ppm of ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, nitrate, sulfate, and total organic carbon respectively.

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Development of the Direct Osmotic Concentration System

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Forward Osmosis Cargo Transfer Bag

Forward Osmosis Cargo Transfer Bag

Removal of Pathogens and Chemicals of Emerging Concern by Pilot-Scale FO-RO Hybrid Units Treating RO Concentrate, Graywater, and Sewage for Centralized and Decentralized Potable Reuse

zNano Forward Osmosis Membrane for Wastewater Treatment Processes

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