Development of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Maintenance Questionnaire (CARM-Q)

Rhind, Daniel; Jowett, Sophia

doi:10.1260/1747-9541.7.1.121

Cited by 28 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Data analysis and results. Item analysis was carried out on the pilot study data using SPSS® (version 24; IBM Corporation, 2016) to identify and delete any items that reduced the reliability of the subscales (Rhind & Jowett, 2012). For an item to be retained, Tabachnick and Fidell (1996) suggested that at least two of the following three criteria should be met: a minimum item-total correlation coefficient of .40, a range of inter-item correlations between .30 and .70, and an increase in the estimate if an item was deleted.…”

Section: Step 4: Pilot Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess stressors among South African sports coaches

Kubayi

Toriola

Didymus

2017

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The aim of this series of studies was to develop and initially validate an instrument to assess stressors among South African sports coaches. In study one, a preliminary pool of 45 items was developed based on existing literature and an expert panel was employed to assess the content validity and applicability of these items. In study two, the 32 items that were retained after study one were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA). The resultant factorial structure comprised four components: environmental stressors, performance stressors, task-related stressors, and athlete stressors. These four components were made up of 26 items and, together, the components and items comprised the provisional Stressors in Sports Coaching Questionnaire (SSCQ). The results show that the SSCQ demonstrates acceptable internal consistency (.73-.89). The findings provide preliminary evidence that SSCQ is a valid tool to assess stressors among South African sports coaches.

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Section: Step 4: Pilot Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess stressors among South African sports coaches

Kubayi

Toriola

Didymus

2017

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…The scientific literature shows that the development of measurements related to coach–athlete–parent interpersonal relationships is fragmented. For example, the coach–athlete relationship maintenance questionnaire (CARM-Q) was developed by Rhind and Jowett [28]; the coach-created empowering or disempowering coaching questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) was developed by Appleton, Ntoumanis, Quested, Viladrich and Duda [15]; and Sanders, Morawska, Haslam, Filus, and Fletcher [29] developed a questionnaire that assesses the parent and family adjustment processes (PAFAS). The evaluation of the three elements of the system, namely the coach–athlete–parent interpersonal relationships in youth sport, is still unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Initial Questionnaire Development in Measuring of Coach-Athlete–Parent Interpersonal Relationships: Results of Two Qualitative Investigations

Lisinskienė

May

Lochbaum

2019

IJERPH

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The interpersonal relationship among the coach, athlete, and parent (C-A-P) in youth sports is a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The evaluation of such interpersonal relationship becomes an important factor in trying to understand the overall youth sports environment. The purpose of this study was to begin the development of a questionnaire to assess the coach-athlete–parent interpersonal relationships in youth sports. To achieve our purpose, two qualitative studies were conducted. In the first qualitative study, 136 research participants completed an online questionnaire asking for statements concerning the C-A-P based on an extensive literature review. In the second phase, a follow up phenomenological study design was conducted. For the phenomenological study, 30 participants (10 coaches, 10 athletes, and 10 youth sports parents) completed in-depth interviews. Based on both qualitative study results, the following three themes emerged: group processes, motivation, and over-involvement. The two qualitative investigations revealed themes and 48 potential questions to be used in developing a C-A-P questionnaire in quantifying the C-A-P results.

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“…It has been shown that the emotions, cognitions and behaviors of the persons within this dyad have been shown to be central in developing meaningful relationships (Jowett and Ntoumanis, 2004). Research has also been conducted around the maintenance of relationships, including the conceptualization of the COMPASS Model and Coach–Athlete Relationship Maintenance Questionnaire (CARM-Q) validation process (Rhind and Jowett, 2010, 2012) which has provided valuable insights of coaches within typical dyads in sport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jowett and colleagues have employed a number of methodological approaches for the expansive array of research into the coach–athlete relationship. They have mainly centered around the use of questionnaires for model validation purposes (Jowett and Chaundy, 2004; Jowett and Clark-Carter, 2006; Lafrenière et al, 2008; Olympiou et al, 2008; Jowett, 2009; Adie and Jowett, 2010; Jowett et al, 2012b; Rhind and Jowett, 2012; Yang and Jowett, 2013) and interviews for exploratory investigations (Jowett and Meek, 2000; Jowett, 2003; Jowett and Cockerill, 2003; Rhind and Jowett, 2010; Jowett et al, 2012a; Jowett and Carpenter, 2015). All interviews adopted a semi structured format utilizing open ended questions and prompts where required to elicit deeper insight (Patton, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Maintaining the Coach–Analyst Relationship Within Professional Football Utilizing the COMPASS Model: The Performance Analyst’s Perspective

Bateman

Jones

2019

Front. Psychol.

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There is a considerable body of research by that has investigated the coach–athlete relationship in sport. However, given the multi-disciplinary nature of modern elite coaching, there is a scarcity of research focusing on the relationship between coaches and other members of the coaching and support team. This study examined the perceptions of six elite professional football analyst’s relationships with their respective coaches. Semi structured interviews utilizing the COMPASS Framework were conducted focusing on Conflict, Openness, Motivation, Preventative Strategies, Assurance, Support, and Social Networks. The results verified that the COMPASS Model of relationship maintenance was applicable to this dyad. Content analysis indicated that there was 215 raw data units comprising of 16 higher order themes across the model which was further broken down into 29 lower order themes. All aspects of the model were found to contribute toward a positively maintained relationship. Having an open relationship underpinned by honesty and being able to provide an opinion was seen as the highest rated attribute that was closely followed by supporting the coach by understanding their requirements for successful coaching practice. Not meeting the coach’s expectations was found to cause conflict and was further highlighted by an inductive analysis that revealed the existence of a relationship that is fundamentally dictated by the coach. Implications of this investigation are that professionals which support elite performers need to set out clear expectations of working practice and hierarchies in order to minimize the chance of internal conflict that can impact on the service levels received by the performer.

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Development of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Maintenance Questionnaire (CARM-Q)

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess stressors among South African sports coaches

Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess stressors among South African sports coaches

The Initial Questionnaire Development in Measuring of Coach-Athlete–Parent Interpersonal Relationships: Results of Two Qualitative Investigations

Strategies for Maintaining the Coach–Analyst Relationship Within Professional Football Utilizing the COMPASS Model: The Performance Analyst’s Perspective

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