Development of the Arctic<sup>®</sup>Apple

Stowe, Evan; Dhingra, Amit

doi:10.1002/9781119717003.ch8

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Browned flesh is visually unappealing and typically results in negative effects on flavour, making apples that resist browning more appealing to producers and consumers [ 37 ]. In fact, the only genetically modified apple variety on the market today, Arctic TM Apples, was designed to silence genes related to enzymatic browning and was advertised as “the original nonbrowning apple” [ 38 ]. The human aversion to apple browning has likely contributed to the decline in phenolic content in cultivated apples, despite the nutritional benefits of such compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii)

et al. 2022

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An understanding of the relationship between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor species (M. sieversii) not only provides an understanding of how apples have been improved in the past, but may be useful for apple improvement in the future. We measured 10 phenotypes in over 1000 unique apple accessions belonging to M. domestica and M. sieversii from Canada’s Apple Biodiversity Collection. Using principal components analysis (PCA), we determined that M. domestica and M. sieversii differ significantly in phenotypic space and are nearly completely distinguishable as two separate groups. We found that M. domestica had a shorter juvenile phase than M. sieversii and that cultivated trees produced flowers and ripe fruit later than their wild progenitors. Cultivated apples were also 3.6 times heavier, 43% less acidic, and had 68% less phenolic content than wild apples. Using historical records, we found that apple breeding over the past 200 years has resulted in a trend towards apples that have higher soluble solids, are less bitter, and soften less during storage. Our results quantify the significant changes in phenotype that have taken place since apple domestication, and provide evidence that apple breeding has led to continued phenotypic divergence of the cultivated apple from its wild progenitor species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii)

et al. 2022

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“…Other than postharvest interventions, breeding strategies addressing the phenylpropanoid or PPO biosynthesis pathway could also be an effective solution ( Hunter et al, 2017 ). There have been several successful attempts to silence PPO expression and thereby reduce discolorations in fresh produce, resulting in commercial applications such as Arctic® apple and Innate® Potato ( Richael, 2021 ; Stowe and Dhingra, 2021 ). However, it is possible that the suppression of PPOs results in an increased susceptibility toward disease, due to their role in plant defense ( Kampatsikas et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Biochemistry Of Discoloration In Chicory and Related Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Discolorations and Their Underlying Physiological and Biochemical Causes

et al. 2022

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Many fruits and vegetables suffer from unwanted discolorations that reduce product quality, leading to substantial losses along the supply chain. Witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum), a specialty crop characterized by its unique bitter taste and crunchiness, is particularly sensitive to various types of red and brown discolorations. The etiolated vegetable suffers from three predominant color disorders, i.e., core browning, internal leaf reddening, and leaf edge browning. Additionally, several less frequently observed color disorders such as hollow pith, external red, and point noir can also negatively affect crop quality. In this article, we bring together fragmented literature and present a comprehensive overview of the different discoloration types in chicory, and discuss their potential underlying physiological causes, including laticifer rupture, calcium deficiency, and a disturbed water distribution. We also describe the role of environmental cues that influence discoloration incidence, including cultivation and postharvest storage conditions such as forcing and storage temperature, root ripeness and the duration of the forcing process. Finally, we zoom in on the underlying biochemical pathways that govern color disorders in witloof chicory, with a strong emphasis on polyphenol oxidase.

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“…Enzymatic browning can be prevented by storage in an air-free environment, the inactivation of PPOs by irradiation, or through the use of chemical inhibitors and natural antioxidants 32 . The Arctic ® apple concept was developed by silencing of PPOs 33,34 . Currently, there are three commercial varieties of Arctic ® apple: Arctic ® Golden Delicious, Arctic ® Granny Smith, and Arctic ® Fuji.…”

Section: Non-browning Applementioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenic and genome-edited fruits: background, constraints, benefits, and commercial opportunities

et al. 2021

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Breeding has been used successfully for many years in the fruit industry, giving rise to most of today’s commercial fruit cultivars. More recently, new molecular breeding techniques have addressed some of the constraints of conventional breeding. However, the development and commercial introduction of such novel fruits has been slow and limited with only five genetically engineered fruits currently produced as commercial varieties—virus-resistant papaya and squash were commercialized 25 years ago, whereas insect-resistant eggplant, non-browning apple, and pink-fleshed pineapple have been approved for commercialization within the last 6 years and production continues to increase every year. Advances in molecular genetics, particularly the new wave of genome editing technologies, provide opportunities to develop new fruit cultivars more rapidly. Our review, emphasizes the socioeconomic impact of current commercial fruit cultivars developed by genetic engineering and the potential impact of genome editing on the development of improved cultivars at an accelerated rate.

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Development of the Arctic^®Apple

Cited by 32 publications

References 42 publications

Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii)

Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii)

Overview of Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Discolorations and Their Underlying Physiological and Biochemical Causes

Transgenic and genome-edited fruits: background, constraints, benefits, and commercial opportunities

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Development of the Arctic®Apple

Cited by 32 publications

References 42 publications

Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii)

Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii)

Overview of Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Discolorations and Their Underlying Physiological and Biochemical Causes

Transgenic and genome-edited fruits: background, constraints, benefits, and commercial opportunities

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Development of the Arctic^®Apple