Development of Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC Method for the Removal and Detection of Griseofulvin in Surface Water

Abstract

Griseofulvin (GSF) is clinically employed to treat fungal infections in humans and animals. GSF was detected in surface waters as a pharmaceutical pollutant. GSF detection as an anthropogenic pollutant is considered as a possible source of drug resistance and risk factor in ecosystem. To address this concern, a new extraction and enrichment method was developed. GSF-surface molecularly imprinted polymers (GSF-SMIPs) were prepared and applied as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent. A dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method was designed and combined with HPLC for the analysis of GSF in surface water samples. The performance of GSF-SMIPs was assessed for its potential to remove GSF from water samples. The factors affecting the removal efficiency such as sample pH and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. The DSPE conditions such as the amount of GSF-SMIPs, the extraction time, the type and volume of desorption solvents were also optimized. The established method is linear over the range of 0.1–100 µg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.03 µg/mL respectively. Good recoveries (91.6–98.8%) were achieved after DSPE. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 0.8 and 4.3% respectively. The SMIPs demonstrated good removal efficiency (91.6%) as compared to powder activated carbon (67.7%). Moreover, the SMIPs can be reused 10 times for water samples. This is an additional advantage over single-use activated carbon and other commercial sorbents. This study provides a specific and sensitive method for the selective extraction and detection of GSF in surface water samples.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Adsorbents for the Selective Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics Studies

“…However, to ensure selectivity extraction, removal, or preconcentration of analytes contained in analytical matrices, the sorbent must be chosen carefully, considering chemical and physical features that allow for maximum interaction between the sorbent and the analytes . The advantages of DSPE have led to numerous applications based on the use of relatively different adsorbents for preconcentration and/or cleanup reasons, and some techniques have involved using MIPs as adsorbents. , The executive summary in Table S8 indicates the effectiveness and efficiency of the DSPE approach for the analysis of pharmaceuticals.…”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Impurities: Design and Synthesis Methods

“…These synthetic polymers have a defined selectivity for a particular analyte or group of structurally related compounds, making them ideal materials for separation processes [ 20 ]. MIPs are used as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) [ 21 , 22 ], dispersive solid-phase extraction (D-SPE) [ 23 , 24 ], pipette solid-phase extraction (P-SPE) [ 25 , 26 ], and monolithic columns [ 27 ]. MIPs have also been applied to separate impurities from APIs or to purify APIs.…”

Facile Preparation of Graphene-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Application in the Analysis of Four Anti-depressant Drugs in Plasma and Urine

“…In the following, the sorbent containing the analytes is contacted with an appropriate organic desorption solvent. DSPE has been studied with various sorbents including metal organic frameworks, 12 molecularly imprinted polymers, 13 carbon nanotubes, 14 etc. The above-listed sorbents require a centrifugation or filtering step prior to being used in another step.…”