Development of strategies for monitoring indoxacarb and gel bait susceptibility in the German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae)

Abstract

A two-tiered susceptibility monitoring strategy was developed that includes testing field populations at diagnostic concentrations and doses in first-tier vial LC bioassays and second-tier gel bait matrix LD bioassays. The vial method facilitates rapid identification of field strains with reduced susceptibility. The feeding bioassay effectively simulates field exposure to Advion(®) and therefore has utility for secondary confirmation of susceptibility shifts and identification of behavioral resistance (i.e. bait aversion).

Development of Diagnostic Insecticide Concentrations and Assessment of Insecticide Susceptibility in German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) Field Strains Collected From Public Housing

“…Insecticide resistance can progress to problem levels quickly once physiological resistance is present at detectable levels (Ffrench-Constant & Roush 1990), even for baits. This assay method also can be executed quickly and with its combination of contact and ingestion exposure, it simulates cockroach exposure to insecticides in the field (Gondhalekar et al 2011). Similar results were obtained when the JWax-S strain was exposed to indoxacarb using vial LC-DC bioassay in other studies, which highlights the reproducibility of results by using this method (Gondhalekar et al 2011, 2013).…”

“…The gel baits included InVict Gold (imidacloprid), Maxforce Professional Insect Control (hydramethylnon), and Magnetic (boric acid). Procedures as described previously in other studies were used with small modifications (Wang et al 2004, Gondhalekar et al 2011). Plastic containers (17.8 by 17.8 by 6 cm 3 /0.739 liter) were used (Glad boxes Clorox Co., Oakland, CA).…”

“…Historically, German cockroaches have been able to develop extensive resistance to different insecticides (Cochran 1995). Insecticide resistance in laboratory and field-collected German cockroaches has been reported for decades (Bennett and Spink 1968; Koehler and Patterson 1986; Cochran 1987; Umeda et al 1988; Cochran 1989; Hemingway et al 1993a, 1993b; Valles and Yu 1996; Lee et al 1996; Scharf et al 1997; Scharf et al 1998; Wei et al 2001; Holbrook et al 2003; Gondhalekar et al 2011, 2013; Ko et al 2016a; Naqqash et al 2016). In total, German cockroaches have shown resistance to 43 active ingredients (AIs) (Whalon et al 2016), and therefore, resistance management has become a priority in any cockroach IPM program.…”

“…Knowledge of resistance profiles in a cockroach population is a key for making informed pest management decisions for preventing insecticide resistance evolution (Gondhalekar and Scharf 2013, Zhu et al 2016). Insecticide resistance in German cockroaches can be classified into the two broad groups of physiological and behavioral resistance (Cochran 1995, Silverman and Bieman 1993, Wu et al 1998, Wang et al 2004, Liu et al 2006, Zhu et al 2016).…”

“…Discriminating dose- or concentration-based approaches have been used successfully for detecting fipronil and indoxacarb resistance in German cockroach field strains (Holbrook et al 2003, Gondhalekar et al 2011, 2013). The research presented here targeted the problem in urban pest management posed by cockroach resistance, using an unprecedented resistance monitoring-based approach that included 14 AIs and a glass vial bioassay method.…”