“…Educators and researchers worldwide have promoted the integration of STEM in education, claiming it to be a catalyst for driving the global economy (Zainuddin & Iksan, 2019). The STEM approach is frequently combined with other approaches or learning models such as STEM project-based learning (Nurtanto, Pardjono, Widarto, & Ramdani, 2020), STEM problem-based learning (Tawfik, Trueman, & Lorz, 2014) and STEM through the EDP (Nurtanto et al, 2020;Sulaeman, Triwulandari, & Syam, 2022;Widiastuti, Oktavia, Lukad, & Sutrisno, 2022;Winarno et al, 2020). The EDP is a strategy for teaching STEM, which places a strong emphasis on STEM integration (Yu, Wu, & Fan, 2020).…”