Development of Stable Isotope Dilution Quantification Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method for Estimation of Exposure Levels of Bisphenol A, 4-tert-Octylphenol, 4-Nonylphenol, Tetrabromobisphenol A, and Pentachlorophenol in Indoor Air

Abstract

The potential risks to human health and reproduction of phenolic xenoestrogens, such as bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and pentachlorophenol (PCP), have not been fully elucidated. It is possible that healthy humans are exposed to phenolic xenoestrogens in their daily lives. It is also possible that the source of human exposure to trace amounts of phenolic xenoestrogens is indoor air. Therefore, we have established an accurate, sensitive, and selective method for determining BPA, OP, NP, TBBPA, and PCP in air samples by using stable isotope dilution techniques using 13C12-BPA, 4-(1-methyl) octylphenol-d5 (m-OP-d5), 13C12-TBBPA, 13C6-PCP, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Air sampling (71/min, 24 hours), using glass filters (GB-100R, 47 mm) and Empore SDB-XD filters (47 mm/0.5 mm, 3M, Tokyo, Japan) and subsequent extraction by washing were carried out. Then the extracted sample solution was subjected to LC-MS. The percentage recovery of these analytes ranged from 87.0% to 101.9% (SD 0.2% to 4.6%, n=3) with correction using the stable isotope dilution quantification method. The quantification limit (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N>10) in the air samples was 0.1 ng/m3. Our findings suggest that the LC-MS method can detect low levels of phenolic xenoestrogens in air samples and that these trace levels of analytes exist in indoor air.

Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices

“…A higher range of concentration is showed for an urban-traffic site in Thessaloniki (Greece) by Salapasidou et al (2011;0.06e18.6 ng m À3 ). The indoor concentration range, from 0.13 to 0.79 ng m À3 , was lower than presented for similar indoor environments (houses and offices) by Inoue et al (2006; up to 3.6 ng m À3 ). For a detailed description of the BpA field measurements, see the Supplementary Material (Section B.2).…”

Fast picomolar selective detection of bisphenol A in water using a carbon nanotube field effect transistor functionalized with estrogen receptor-α

“…Xenoestrogenic compounds can be detected and quantified using a wide variety of analytical techniques. Amongst them, chromatographic techniques are undoubtedly the most commonly used and combined with different detection methods (Moors et al, 2007;Inoue et al, 2006;Peng et al, 2006). However, the methodologies employed so far require complex equipment.…”

Fetal Exposure of Rhesus Macaques to Bisphenol A Alters Cellular Development of the Conducting Airway by Changing Epithelial Secretory Product Expression

“…These plastics are found in food and drink packaging and are used as lacquers in food cans and bottle tops. BPA can migrate into food from these containers (Carwile et al 2009; Rudel et al 2011) and is also found in indoor air and dust (Inoue et al 2006; Wilson et al 2007). Over 90% of U.S. urine samples tested in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) have measurable levels of BPA (Calafat et al 2008), indicating widespread and continual exposure.…”