Development of Solid-State Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Sensor Based on Ru(bpy)32+-Encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles for the Detection of Biogenic Polyamines

Abstract

Abstract:A solid state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on Ru(bpy)3 2+ -encapsulated silica nanoparticles (RuNP) covalently immobilised on a screen printed carbon electrode has been developed and characterised. RuNPs were synthesised using water-in-oil microemulsion method, amino groups were introduced on their surface, and they were characterised by transmission electron microscopy. Aminated RuNPs were covalently immobilised on activate screen-printed carbon electrodes to form a solid state ECL biosensor. The biosensor surfaces were characterised using electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy, which showed that aminated nanoparticles formed dense 3D layers on the electrode surface thus allowing immobilisation of high amount of Ru(bpy)3 2+ . The developed sensor was used for ECL detection of biogenic polyamines, namely spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and stability.

Femtomolar Detection of Spermidine Using Au Decorated SiO2 Nanohybrid on Plasmon-Coupled Extended Cavity Nanointerface: A Smartphone-Based Fluorescence Dequenching Approach

“…Regular physiological functions demand an optimum balance of ubiquitous biogenic amines such as spermidine and spermine in biological systems. Unregulated or excess concentrations of these molecules have been reported to be detrimental, causing serious health issues such as apoptosis, respiratory disorders, cardiac palpitation, brain hemorrhage, heart palpitation, chronic gastritis, allergies, and cancer. − Although there are several reports presenting sensitive and selective determination of these bioamines, − ,,,− they are time-consuming, cost-intensive procedures requiring laborious sample preparation, with expertise in handling. In this context, optical sensing platforms such as SPCE present easy to perform, fast, and reliable methodology.…”

“…There are several reports that emphasize monitoring spermidine levels in urine, saliva, and biological fluids for early diagnosis of malignancy. − Therefore, it is worth mentioning that although biogenic polyamines remain an essential component for normal physiological functioning, their altered concentrations can have several implications and hence require constant monitoring . In light of these observations, different methods including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS), thin-layer chromatography, radioimmunoassay, different fluorescent bioprobes using dye-embedded micelles, sol–gel films and conjugated polymers, capillary electrophoresis, and electroanalytical methods have been employed to monitor spermidine concentrations at significantly low limits. − ,, However, the limit of detection that has been achieved so far is at nanomolar concentrations. ,, In this context, there is a driving need for rapid, convenient, reproducible, highly sensitive, and selective determination of spermidine in various biological systems including terrestrial and aquatic life forms, molecular diagnostics, and food industries. Unlike the cost intensive spectrophotometer detection platforms that are commonly used for this purpose, in this study we demonstrate a label-free smartphone-based SPCE detection technique that is portable and economically viable for resource-limited settings.…”

“…29 In light of these observations, different methods including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GCMS), thin-layer chromatography, radioimmunoassay, different fluorescent bioprobes using dye-embedded micelles, sol−gel films and conjugated polymers, capillary electrophoresis, and electroanalytical methods have been employed to monitor spermidine concentrations at significantly low limits. [34][35][36][37]39,40 However, the limit of detection that has been achieved so far is at nanomolar concentrations. 34,35,39 In this context, there is a driving need for rapid, convenient, reproducible, highly sensitive, and selective determination of spermidine in various biological systems including terrestrial and aquatic life forms, molecular diagnostics, and food industries.…”

Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Characterization of Silica-Based Materials

“…The introduction of mixed oxides and organic groups can be of high importance in this field to avoid leaching of these dyes during usage [13]. It is also possible to manufacture different devices' configuration such as nanosensors for pH measurement [13], optical fibers for volatile organic compounds' detection [14], electrochemical [15], electrochemiluminescence [16] and biosensors [17]. Furthermore, silica is commonly used to protect or give special features to surfaces.…”

Ru(bpy)32+‐Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Electrochemiluminescent Probes of a Lateral Flow Immunosensor for Highly Sensitive and Quantitative Detection of Troponin I

“…[ 48 ] However, the decreased ECL intensity in higher pH buffers may have resulted from the insolubility of TPA [ 49 ] and low availability of Ru(bpy) 3 3+ . [ 50,51 ] This reduced availability would then induce poor ECL efficiency due to the competitive reaction of the OH radical, which consumes large amounts of Ru(bpy) 3 3+ at a high pH. Since the useful pH range for the sodium tetraborate (STB) buffer is 8.5–10.5, we confirmed that the ECL intensity at pH 8.5 was higher than that at pH 9.5 and ultimately selected a pH of 8.5 as the optimal condition (Figure S10a, Supporting Information).…”