Development of soft X-ray emission spectrometer for EPMA/SEM and its application

Takahashi, Hiroki; Murano, T.; Takakura, Masaru; Asahina, Shunsuke; Terauchi, Masami; Koike, Masato; Imazono, Takashi; Koeda, M.; Nagano, T.

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/109/1/012017

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Cryo-tomography TEM, used in molecular biology, could be introduced to nanogeoscience for examining organic-nanomaterial aggregates. Soft x-ray emission spectroscopy systems mounted within scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and electron microprobes (EPMA) (109,110) have also been developed. This technique provides better elemental sensitivity for light elements as well as the chemical state determination of many elements.…”

Section: New Opportunities For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system

Hochella

Mogk

Ranville

et al. 2019

Science

547

354

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Nanomaterials are critical components in the Earth system’s past, present, and future characteristics and behavior. They have been present since Earth’s origin in great abundance. Life, from the earliest cells to modern humans, has evolved in intimate association with naturally occurring nanomaterials. This synergy began to shift considerably with human industrialization. Particularly since the Industrial Revolution some two-and-a-half centuries ago, incidental nanomaterials (produced unintentionally by human activity) have been continuously produced and distributed worldwide. In some areas, they now rival the amount of naturally occurring nanomaterials. In the past half-century, engineered nanomaterials have been produced in very small amounts relative to the other two types of nanomaterials, but still in large enough quantities to make them a consequential component of the planet. All nanomaterials, regardless of their origin, have distinct chemical and physical properties throughout their size range, clearly setting them apart from their macroscopic equivalents and necessitating careful study. Following major advances in experimental, computational, analytical, and field approaches, it is becoming possible to better assess and understand all types and origins of nanomaterials in the Earth system. It is also now possible to frame their immediate and long-term impact on environmental and human health at local, regional, and global scales.

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Section: New Opportunities For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system

Hochella

Mogk

Ranville

et al. 2019

Science

547

354

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…258 Further extending the analytical capabilities of the SEM, developments in soft X-ray emission spectroscopy enable high resolution chemical state analysis at par with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, with high sensitivity for trace element detection (<100 mg·L –1 ). 259 The last 50 years have witnessed the SEM evolve from a surface imaging tool requiring tedious sample processing into a highly sophisticated, nanoanalytical powerhouse capable of being operated at low accelerating voltages and variable vacuum conditions, with a diverse selection of in situ experimental possibilities to choose from. Some novel uses of the SEM include observation of heat-induced alteration to the mineral phase of human bone, which begins to undergo recrystallisation at 600 °C, resulting in a range of crystal morphologies from spherical, hexagonal, platelets, rosettes.…”

Section: Limitations Pitfalls and Future Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

50 years of scanning electron microscopy of bone—a comprehensive overview of the important discoveries made and insights gained into bone material properties in health, disease, and taphonomy

2019

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Bone is an architecturally complex system that constantly undergoes structural and functional optimisation through renewal and repair. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is among the most frequently used instruments for examining bone. It offers the key advantage of very high spatial resolution coupled with a large depth of field and wide field of view. Interactions between incident electrons and atoms on the sample surface generate backscattered electrons, secondary electrons, and various other signals including X-rays that relay compositional and topographical information. Through selective removal or preservation of specific tissue components (organic, inorganic, cellular, vascular), their individual contribution(s) to the overall functional competence can be elucidated. With few restrictions on sample geometry and a variety of applicable sample-processing routes, a given sample may be conveniently adapted for multiple analytical methods. While a conventional SEM operates at high vacuum conditions that demand clean, dry, and electrically conductive samples, non-conductive materials (e.g., bone) can be imaged without significant modification from the natural state using an environmental scanning electron microscope. This review highlights important insights gained into bone microstructure and pathophysiology, bone response to implanted biomaterials, elemental analysis, SEM in paleoarchaeology, 3D imaging using focused ion beam techniques, correlative microscopy and in situ experiments. The capacity to image seamlessly across multiple length scales within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, the SEM lends itself to many unique and diverse applications, which attest to the versatility and user-friendly nature of this instrument for studying bone. Significant technological developments are anticipated for analysing bone using the SEM.

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“…We here employ a newly developed soft X-ray emission spectrometer (SXES) attached to an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), which covers a low energy range (50-210 eV) with ultra-high energy resolutions of 0.22 eV. 23,24 The unique features of SXES allow analyzing the valence electron structure of light elements, including Be, with the excellent energy resolution. Moreover, it provides a chemical state mapping that enables the visualization of two-dimensional distributions of crystallographic phases in a specimen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valence Electron and Chemical State Analysis of Be₁₂M (M = Ti, V) Beryllides by Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy

Mukai

Kasada

Yabuuchi

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Be-rich intermetallics (beryllides) have gathered wide attentions to be adopted for high temperature environments, such as an advanced neutron multiplier in fusion reactors. This study reveals the valence electron structure of Be 12 M (M = Ti,V) by using soft X-ray emission spectroscopy with ultra-high resolution (~0.22 eV). The Be-K spectra from the Be 12 M phases show significantly lower densities of the occupied states near the Be-K edge than thaose of metallic beryllium. Theoretical calculations indicate that changes in the valence electron structure are derived from the large downward shift of the Fermi level in Be 12 M, by at least 0.8 eV. Based on the knowledge of the valence electron structures and the chemical shift, chemical state mappings of BeO and Be 12 V in the oxidized beryllide specimen were successfully obtained. The approach is applicable for visualization and identification of metallic/oxidized phase in light-element compounds by electron microscope.

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Development of soft X-ray emission spectrometer for EPMA/SEM and its application

Cited by 30 publications

References 6 publications

Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system

Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system

50 years of scanning electron microscopy of bone—a comprehensive overview of the important discoveries made and insights gained into bone material properties in health, disease, and taphonomy

Valence Electron and Chemical State Analysis of Be₁₂M (M = Ti, V) Beryllides by Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy

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Development of soft X-ray emission spectrometer for EPMA/SEM and its application

Cited by 30 publications

References 6 publications

Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system

Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system

50 years of scanning electron microscopy of bone—a comprehensive overview of the important discoveries made and insights gained into bone material properties in health, disease, and taphonomy

Valence Electron and Chemical State Analysis of Be12M (M = Ti, V) Beryllides by Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy

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Valence Electron and Chemical State Analysis of Be₁₂M (M = Ti, V) Beryllides by Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy