Development of MXene / WO ₃ embedded PEDOT : PSS hole transport layers for highly efficient perovskite solar cells and X‐ray detectors

Abstract

A simple solution process was employed to decorate WO 3 nanoparticles on 2D conductive Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene sheets to arrange the MXene/WO 3 hybrid structure. The prepared hybrid composites were established by the Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction, and microscopy studies evidently. The designed hybrid structure, for the first time, was engaged with PEDOT:PSS to alter the hole transport layer (HTL) of perovskite hybrid module for the highly efficient planar solar cell and X-ray detector. The derived outcomes revealed a high power conversion efficiency of 12.26 ± 0.12% for the constructed perovskite solar cell with MXene/WO 3 /PEDOT:PSS HTL. Similarly, the fabricated X-ray photodetector with MXene/WO 3 blended HTL device attained a superior sensitivity of 3.67 ± 0.03 mA Gy À1 Ácm À2 . The results envisaged that HTL/perovskite interface was effectively tuned by the MXene/WO 3 heterostructure through their active interface for transfer/collection of charges and appropriately altered energy band alignment, which gave the nod for easy to charge extraction and shortest charge carrier lifetime.

Tuning of electron transport layers using MXene/metal–oxide nanocomposites for perovskite solar cells and X-ray detectors

“…The characteristic MXene peaks explored at 204, 392, 619, and 722 cm −1 correlate with the results previously reported in the literature. 42,44 Moreover, the Fe 3 O 4 characteristic bands explore the A 1g (220 cm −1 ), T 2g (593 and 494 cm −1 ) and E g (395 and 281 cm −1 ) phonon modes to reveal a strong Fe–O relationship in the MXene/Fe 3 O 4 composites. 45,46 The high-wavenumber Raman shift realized distinct Fe oxidation, as reported earlier.…”

Development of high-performance direct X-ray detector materials: from hybrid halide perovskites to all-inorganic lead-free perovskites

“…In order to better transmit the generated photogenerated carriers to the electrode, and to more effectively suppress the influence of the dark current on the detector, researchers have carried out the construction of 2D/3D structures 105–107 and the study of different PIN structure detectors 45,53,108–112 to improve the sensitivity to 5.2 × 10 6 μC Gy air −1 cm −2 53 on the basis of the original, lowering the detection limit to 0.1 nGy air s −1 , 53 and the schematic diagram of this detector structure is shown in Fig. 4h.…”

A Review on Interface Engineering of MXenes for Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Additionally, the pure and Mo 2 C, CNT, and Mo 2 C-CNT blended PEDOT:PSS HTLs showed a conductivity of 410.12, 581.73, 604.25, and 712.34 S cm −1 , respectively, thus evidencing high charge carrier collection/extraction and low internal resistance [ 148 ]. In further work, Hussain et al decorated WO 3 nanoparticles on 2D conductive Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene sheets to fabricate an MXene/WO 3 hybrid structure and then blended HTL with PEDOT:PSS for PSCs using a simple solution process [ 154 ]. The n-type WO 3 semiconducting material is a promising HTL candidate owing to high electron mobilities (10–20 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ), a tunable bandgap (2.7–3.9 eV), inexpensiveness, high stability against moisture, and possible fabrication at room temperature [ 6 ].…”

“…These results suggest better exciton separation and passivation of trapping centers by the densely blended smooth MXene/WO 3 thin films. These blended nanostructures efficiently tune the HTL/perovskite interface through their active interface for charge transfer and collection and suitably alter energy band alignment, resulting in facile charge extraction and the shortest charge carrier lifetime [ 154 ].

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“…d Energy-level diagram, e schematic view, and cross-sectional FE-SEM image of the ITO/MXene/WO 3 @PEDOT:PSS HTL/MAPbI 3 /PCBM/LiF/Al prototype structure. f J–V profiles of PSCs with pure and 2 wt% of WO 3 , MXene, and MXene/WO 3 doped HTL [ 154 ]. Copyright © 2022 Wiley …”