“…To rapidly enact appropriate control measures to contain the infection, real time, molecular detection methods are needed to test samples from chickens suspected of being infected in proximity to poultry farms. In resource-rich settings, this task is accomplished with single-step-real-time RT-PCR assays for IB detection, genotyping, and discrimination between vaccine and pathogenic strains ( Fraga et al, 2016 ; Marandino et al, 2016 ; Domanska-Blicharz et al, 2017 ; Stenzel et al, 2017 ; Tucciarone et al, 2018 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Current field diagnosis of IB relies on clinical signs and post-mortem lesions examination that are not pathognomonic and require confirmatory laboratory testing. Confirmative virus detection is carried out in centralized laboratories by virus isolation (VI), virus neutralization (VN) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) ( Cooke et al, 1987 ; Cavanagh, 2007 ; Jackwood and de Wit, 2013 ; Pradhan et al, 2014 ; Ding et al, 2015 ), conventional RT-PCR, and quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) ( Callison et al, 2006 ; Meir et al, 2010 ; Fraga et al, 2016 ; Marandino et al, 2016 ; Fellahi et al, 2016 ; Laamiri et al, 2018 ; Molenaar et al, 2020 ). However, the aforementioned diagnostic methods pose challenges for implementing rapid, specific and simple detection in rudimentary veterinary diagnostic laboratories, particularly in resource-poor settings.…”
Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
“…To rapidly enact appropriate control measures to contain the infection, real time, molecular detection methods are needed to test samples from chickens suspected of being infected in proximity to poultry farms. In resource-rich settings, this task is accomplished with single-step-real-time RT-PCR assays for IB detection, genotyping, and discrimination between vaccine and pathogenic strains ( Fraga et al, 2016 ; Marandino et al, 2016 ; Domanska-Blicharz et al, 2017 ; Stenzel et al, 2017 ; Tucciarone et al, 2018 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Current field diagnosis of IB relies on clinical signs and post-mortem lesions examination that are not pathognomonic and require confirmatory laboratory testing. Confirmative virus detection is carried out in centralized laboratories by virus isolation (VI), virus neutralization (VN) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) ( Cooke et al, 1987 ; Cavanagh, 2007 ; Jackwood and de Wit, 2013 ; Pradhan et al, 2014 ; Ding et al, 2015 ), conventional RT-PCR, and quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) ( Callison et al, 2006 ; Meir et al, 2010 ; Fraga et al, 2016 ; Marandino et al, 2016 ; Fellahi et al, 2016 ; Laamiri et al, 2018 ; Molenaar et al, 2020 ). However, the aforementioned diagnostic methods pose challenges for implementing rapid, specific and simple detection in rudimentary veterinary diagnostic laboratories, particularly in resource-poor settings.…”
Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
“…Certain RT-PCR tests can also distinguish types of viruses, i.e., they are vaccine-related or field-related which helps to match their genetic sequences for better vaccination plans. Avian mycoplasmosis, infectious laryngotracheitis, Newcastle disease and avian influenza have similar clinical signs like infectious bronchitis, so preventive measures should be taken to differentiate appropriately [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Now vaccine-related viruses and pathogenic viruses can be screened.…”
The poultry industry is one of the most efficient and flourishing sectors of agriculture that not only provides cheaper protein (eggs, meat) but also contributes heavily to the country's economy. There are several challenges faced by the poultry industry worldwide. Among all these challenges, disease management has been a major problem. Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) are RNA-based viruses having high recombination and mutation rates. IBVs are gamma coronaviruses affecting the upper respiratory tract of chickens. Due to the high rate of mutation and recombination, IBVs are very difficult to properly diagnose and control. Some serotype IBVs are extremely resistant, causing high economic losses in the form of excessive use of antibiotics after the eruption of secondary pathogens and mortality, but some serotype IBVs are limited to morbidity losses only. There are some control methods for IBVs and practicing effective vaccination and biosecurity measures is highly recommended. Exposure of IBVs to chicken flock postulates gateway to secondary pathogens, which also pass on to coming generations. This review paper provides updated research tools and methods to diagnose and control IBVs.
“…A multitude of RT-PCR and qRT-PCR-based methods have been validated, either generic and targeting virtually all IBV subtypes, or genotype- or strain-specific [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ]. The most commonly targeted region is the S1 gene, where the genetic variability featuring IBV variants is concentrated [ 3 ].…”
RNA viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a rapid adaptation to new environments. Most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are therefore sustained by these viruses. Rapid evolution may also hinder the understanding of molecular epidemiology, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, limit the vaccine efficacy and favor episodes of immune escape, thus significantly complicating the control of even well-known pathogens. The history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) fits well with the above-mentioned scenario. Despite being known since the 1930s, it still represents one of the main causes of disease and economic losses for the poultry industry. A plethora of strategies have been developed and applied over time, with variable success, to limit its impact. However, they have rarely been evaluated objectively and on an adequate scale. Therefore, the actual advantages and disadvantages of IBV detection and control strategies, as well as their implementation, still largely depend on individual sensibility. The present manuscript aims to review the main features of IBV biology and evolution, focusing on their relevance and potential applications in terms of diagnosis and control.
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