Development of Refined BOD and DO Models for Highly Polluted Kali River in India

Jha, Ramakar; Ojha, C. S. P.; Bhatia, Karamjit

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2007)133:8(839)

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Kali River has a significant socioeconomic value, i.e., people residing in the watershed have been depending on the river water for drinking, bathing, washing of clothes, and also for agriculture. But the river water quality is gradually degrading due to disposal of municipal wastewater and significant volume of agricultural runoff entering into the river (Jha et al 2007). Therefore, the proposed monitoring network design framework was applied to the Kali River system, for evaluating the potential of pollution load entering into the river and the need of pollution control measures.…”

Section: Proposed Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The network monitoring structure should be modified or redesigned in subsequent years with updated water quality data. The Kali River basin in western Uttar Pradesh, India (Jha et al 2005(Jha et al , 2007 was selected as the study area. The potential sampling sites were identified based on the locations of points of entry of point and diffuse pollution into the river, using geospatial techniques.…”

Section: Vikor Methodmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of sampling locations for river water quality monitoring considering seasonal variation of point and diffuse pollution loads

Varekar

Karmakar

Jha

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

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The design of a water quality monitoring network (WQMN) is a complicated decision-making process because each sampling involves high installation, operational, and maintenance costs. Therefore, data with the highest information content should be collected. The effect of seasonal variation in point and diffuse pollution loadings on river water quality may have a significant impact on the optimal selection of sampling locations, but this possible effect has never been addressed in the evaluation and design of monitoring networks. The present study proposes a systematic approach for siting an optimal number and location of river water quality sampling stations based on seasonal or monsoonal variations in both point and diffuse pollution loadings. The proposed approach conceptualizes water quality monitoring as a two-stage process; the first stage of which is to consider all potential water quality sampling sites, selected based on the existing guidelines or frameworks, and the locations of both point and diffuse pollution sources. The monitoring at all sampling sites thus identified should be continued for an adequate period of time to account for the effect of the monsoon season. In the second stage, the monitoring network is then designed separately for monsoon and non-monsoon periods by optimizing the number and locations of sampling sites, using a modified Sanders approach. The impacts of human interventions on the design of the sampling net are quantified geospatially by estimating diffuse pollution loads and verified with land use map. To demonstrate the proposed methodology, the Kali River basin in the western Uttar Pradesh state of India was selected as a study area. The final design suggests consequential pre- and post-monsoonal changes in the location and priority of water quality monitoring stations based on the seasonal variation of point and diffuse pollution loadings.

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Section: Proposed Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vikor Methodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of sampling locations for river water quality monitoring considering seasonal variation of point and diffuse pollution loads

Varekar

Karmakar

Jha

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

Self Cite

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“…15 Plastics do not degrade easily and therefore remain in the same stable/undegraded form in water bodies. 16 Fish mistakenly confuse plastics as food materials and ingest them, causing blockage in their digestive system and subsequent death.…”

Section: -11mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Pollutants on the Survival of Fish in Water Bodies

et al. 2017

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Several sources of water pollution are causing negative consequences to marine life. The organisms that are more affected are fishes and marine mammals since they are at the top of the food chain. They are directly exposed to high levels of toxins in water and/or they feed on other fishes that are contaminated. Unfortunately, the main cause of the contaminations, and thus of the fish deaths, come from human activities, such as industry, agriculture, municipal wastewater and solid wastes. The present study is concerned with the effect of organic and inorganic pollutants on the survival of fish in water bodies. We introduce a nonlinear mathematical model by considering five interacting variables; organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants, bacteria, dissolved oxygen and fish in the water body. The model is analyzed using the stability theory of differential equations and to confirm the analytical findings, numerical simulations are performed. Our results suggest * Corresponding author. that to maintain water quality and to save fish life, the global community has to limit the release of organic and inorganic pollutants into the aquatic system.

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“…Subsequent sampling stations (A3-A7) were situated at 50 m intervals until A7, which is 20 m before the confluence of Apies River and a smaller stream known as Skinnerspruit. The 50 m interval was adopted because it is short enough to capture the dynamics in the stream and to reduce the costs associated with increased sampling points (Jha et al, 2007;Omole et al, 2013). The confluence of these two rivers was designated as Station A8 and the final station (A9) was placed 50 m downstream of the merged streams.…”

Section: Field Sampling and Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the management tools that could be employed in the monitoring and management of surface water bodies around the country is re-aeration (Jha et al, 2007;Omole et al, 2013). This is based on the principle that imposed biological waste loads deplete the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of natural water systems in the process of breaking down the wastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of auto-purification response of the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa, to treated wastewater effluent

Omole

Badejo

Ndambuki

et al. 2016

WSA

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The assimilative capacity of water bodies is an important factor in the integrated management of surface water resources. The current study examined the auto-recovery processes of the Apies River from wastewater discharged into it from a municipal wastewater treatment facility, using a series of equations, including the modified Streeter-Phelps equation. Field data obtained include dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, stream velocity, depth, and width. Water samples were also obtained at 10 sampling stations for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) using standard methods. It was observed that the DO and BOD level (5.59 mg/L and 8.5 mg/L respectively) of the effluent from the wastewater treatment facility indicated better water quality than the Apies River background DO level (5.42 mg/L) and BOD level (13 mg/L). Also, at 270 m downstream of the effluent discharge point, another effluent stream (Skinnerspruit) adversely impacted on the Apies River with DO and BOD levels of 6.5 mg/L and 9.0 mg/L, respectively, compared to the Apies River background values of 6.81 mg/L and 8.0 mg/L, respectively. The stream, however, recovered well from both the background and imposed pollution sources as it had a computed positive auto-recovery factor of 1.74. Furthermore, the measured DO deficit was plotted against predicted DO deficit. The plot revealed a close match between the measured and predicted DO deficit, indicating that the model could be used for predicting DO deficit along other segments of the river. To further improve on the natural auto-recovery processes of the Apies River, it was recommended that flow along the Skinnerspruit should be enhanced by clearing the observed aquatic plants growing within the channel. Also, suspected pollution activities taking place further upstream on the Apies River should be investigated and appropriately addressed.

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Development of Refined BOD and DO Models for Highly Polluted Kali River in India

Cited by 25 publications

References 18 publications

Design of sampling locations for river water quality monitoring considering seasonal variation of point and diffuse pollution loads

Design of sampling locations for river water quality monitoring considering seasonal variation of point and diffuse pollution loads

Modeling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Pollutants on the Survival of Fish in Water Bodies

Analysis of auto-purification response of the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa, to treated wastewater effluent

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