Development of Rapid Detection and Genetic Characterization of Salmonella in Poultry Breeder Feeds

Abstract

Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, with poultry and poultry products being a primary source of infection to humans. Poultry may carry some Salmonella serovars without any signs or symptoms of disease and without causing any adverse effects to the health of the bird. Salmonella may be introduced to a flock by multiple environmental sources, but poultry feed is suspected to be a leading source. Detecting Salmonella in feed can be challenging because low levels of the bacteria may not be recovered using traditional culturing techniques. Numerous detection methodologies have been examined over the years for quantifying Salmonella in feeds and many have proven to be effective for Salmonella isolation and detection in a variety of feeds. However, given the potential need for increased detection sensitivity, molecular detection technologies may the best candidate for developing rapid sensitive methods for identifying small numbers of Salmonella in the background of large volumes of feed. Several studies have been done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and commercial kits to detect Salmonella spp. in a wide variety of feed sources. In addition, DNA array technology has recently been utilized to track the dissemination of a specific Salmonella serotype in feed mills. This review will discuss the processing of feeds and potential points in the process that may introduce Salmonella contamination to the feed. Detection methods currently used and the need for advances in these methods also will be discussed. Finally, implementation of rapid detection for optimizing control methods to prevent and remove any Salmonella contamination of feeds will be considered.

Salmonella and the Potential Role for Methods to Develop Microbial Process Indicators on Chicken Carcasses

“…Levin (2009) noted that simultaneous detection of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes posed critical problems due to the fundamental differences between the two genera, primarily the fact that Salmonella is Gram-negative and L. monocytogenes is Gram-positive. Multiplex PCR does have a limit to how many primers can be effective because researchers have noted that more than five or six primers demonstrate cross-reactivity between primers (Jarquin et al, 2009). Kawasaki et al (2005) developed a multiplex PCR for the detection of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7 in meat samples.…”

“…Microarray technologies can also be employed within a species (Chan et al, 2003;Ricke et al, 2013b). Hybridization of DNA sequences to a DNA probe with a known fluorescent label upon excitation from an analyte (Jarquin et al, 2009) yields presence or absence responses by a reader. Hybridization of DNA sequences to a DNA probe with a known fluorescent label upon excitation from an analyte (Jarquin et al, 2009) yields presence or absence responses by a reader.…”

“…Hybridization of DNA sequences to a DNA probe with a known fluorescent label upon excitation from an analyte (Jarquin et al, 2009) yields presence or absence responses by a reader. However, there are high costs associated with this procedure for fabrication and equipment, which limits the applicability of the technology, along with difficulty in extracting sufficient quantities of RNA from surfaces such as chicken products (Call, 2005;Jarquin et al, 2009;Sirsat et al, 2011). However, there are high costs associated with this procedure for fabrication and equipment, which limits the applicability of the technology, along with difficulty in extracting sufficient quantities of RNA from surfaces such as chicken products (Call, 2005;Jarquin et al, 2009;Sirsat et al, 2011).…”

Application of Molecular Methods for Traceability of Foodborne Pathogens in Food Safety Systems

“…As has been discussed much more extensively in a number of previous reviews, PCR assays have historically been developed for routine application and marketed as commercial detection systems for foodborne pathogens both as single primer set systems as well as multiplex-based primer sets for use in a wide range of food and animal feed matrices (Hill, 1996;Hanna et al, 2005;Maciorowski et al, 2005;Jarquin et al, 2009;Kuchta et al, 2014;Park et al 2014a). As has been discussed much more extensively in a number of previous reviews, PCR assays have historically been developed for routine application and marketed as commercial detection systems for foodborne pathogens both as single primer set systems as well as multiplex-based primer sets for use in a wide range of food and animal feed matrices (Hill, 1996;Hanna et al, 2005;Maciorowski et al, 2005;Jarquin et al, 2009;Kuchta et al, 2014;Park et al 2014a).…”

Use of Antimicrobials from Plants in Feed as a Control Measure for Pathogenic Microorganisms

“…The costs associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella infections are estimated at nearly $2.4 billion dollars annually, which includes costs due to loss of productivity and medical treatment costs. A poultry producer suffers losses due to Salmonella infection of the flock including loss of birds and production time [1].…”