“…In addition, it can also be distinguished as an individual's "possessed" ability, referring to possessing knowledge, emotions and skills, or abilities to "perform" -that is, successful implementation of a task with actual behavioral performance [24]. Cheng, Lin, and Cheng (2009) defined competency as the "ability to use knowledge, attitude and skills to perform work tasks, which was all the behavior, motivates and knowledge related to work success or failure" cited from [54]. Spencer and Spencer (1993) proposed the Iceberg Model, regarding competency being composed of five elements: skills, knowledge, self-concept, traits, and motives, among which, skills and knowledge are more explicit and easier to be trained, developed, and changed, similar to the part of the iceberg above the surface of the ocean, and thus they exhibit surface competency; while self-concept, traits, and motivations are relatively implicit and cannot easily be changed, like the part of the iceberg hidden under the surface, and thus they present implicit competency.…”