Development of Practical Synthetic Milk Formulas for Baby Pigs

Catron, D. V.; Nelson, Leroy F.; Ashton, G. C.; Maddock, H. M.

doi:10.2527/jas1953.12162x

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Thus, colostrum -free pigs have been show n to be very susceptib le to microbial pathogens, particularly to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Early attempts to arti cially rear newborn pigs show ed that colostrum-deprived pigs died very shortly after birth because of severe diarrhea and dehydration [ 44,45] .…”

Section: Immunologic Considerations Of Newborn Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Gómez

1998

Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine

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g astroenteritis is one of the main causes of acute diarrhea in young humans and animals u Rotavirus worldwide. T he colostrum-deprived, arti cially rear ed neonatal pig has been extensively used in our laborat ory as a model animal for studying an exper imentally induced rotaviral g astroenteritis. D etails on procurement of new born pig s, immunolog ic characteristics, and arti cial rearing conditions of colostrumdeprived neonatal pig s as well as on rotavirus inoculation, clinical manifestations, and evaluation of intestinal damag e caused by rotavirus inf ection are described. O ur exper imentally induced rotavirus g astroenteritis model has been characterized clinically by anor exia, diarrhea, occasional vomiting, and hig h titers of rotavirus shedding in f eces. D ata repor ted her e provide additional inf ormation, particularly on f eeding reg imens of pig s bef ore rotavirus inoculation, extent of anorex ia, severity of diarrhea, and extent of fecal virus shedding , as well as on the eÚ ect of rotavirus inf ection and size of rotavirus inocula on intestinal damag e, g rowth, and mortality during the postinfection period. O n the basis of these results and others previously reported by us and by other resear chers, and because of the intestinal anatomy and physiolog y similarities to that of human infants, the colostrum-deprived, arti cially reared neonatal pig is the most suitable and usef ul model animal f or studies desig ned to evaluate prevention and treatment of rotaviral g astroenteritis.Gastrointestinal viral infection s are comm on in young animals and hum ans and often are associa ted w ith enteritis and diarrhea [ 1, 2] . R otavirus infection is a major cau se of severe diarrhea in children [ 3] as w ell as of neonatal diarrhea in several animal species w orldwide [ 4] . The main characteristics of rotavirus infections have been review ed extensiv ely [ 5, 6] . The need for an anim al model in which to study the pathogenesis, as w ell as the prevention and treatment of rotaviru s gastroenteritis, has long been recognized [ 1] . Because the porcine gastrointestin al tract and digestiv e physiology are very sim ilar to that of hum ans, gnotobiotic [ 7-16] as well as conventional [17][18][19][20][21][22]

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Section: Immunologic Considerations Of Newborn Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Gómez

1998

Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine

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“…Baby pig rations Catron et al (1953) found that some fat was necessary in a simulated milk diet for baby pigs which had received no colostrum.…”

Section: Fat Additions To Pig Rationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…have been reported to result in increased gains (Catron et al, 1953;Sewell, Thomas, and Price, 1961) and improved efficiency of feed utilization (Kropf, Pearson, and Wallace, 1954;Crampton and Ness, 1954;Sewell et al, 1961;Lowrey et al, 1963).…”

Section: Fat Additionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy, protein, and amino acid levels in the rations of weanling pigs /

Standish¹

1966

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Experiments were designed to study fat, lysine, and methionine additions to rations containing three levels of crude protein for weanling pigs from 3 to 9 weeks of age.The experiments were 3 x 5 x 2 x 2 factor¬ ials in which the factors were fat level, protein treatment, breed group, and sex. The levels of supplemental fat were 0, 4, and 8 per cent. The five protein treatments were based on rations containing 12, 16, or 20% protein and 12 or 16% protein supplemented with lysine and methionine so that the level of these amino acids was calculated to be the same as in the 20%,-protein ration. The two breed groups were Lacombe x Yorkshireand Hampshire x Lacombe-Yorkshire .Increasing protein from 12 to 16% resulted in doubling the rate of gain (from 0.11 to 0.22 kg/day) while increasing protein from 16 to 20%, resulted in a smaller but significant increase (from 0.22 to 0.28 kg/day).Increasing the lysine and methionine in the 12 and 16%, rations resulted in a 27 and 36% increase in rate of gain, respectively. Average daily feed intake was increased when the protein level was increased from 12 to 16%,, but the increase in feed consumption was not significant when protein was raised from 16 to 20 per cent. Supplemental lysine and methionine added to the 12 and 16%,-protein rations resulted in a 13%, increase in daily feed intake. Efficiency of feed utilization was improved (P <0.05) as protein was increased from 12 to 16%, (2.97 and 2.14 kg feed/kg gain, respectively) and supplementing these rations with lysine and methionine resulted in a further improvement of 15 and 17%, in the efficiency of feed utilization.Apparent digestible energy for 6-week-old pigs was not significantly influenced by any of the treatment factors. Apparent nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention were significantly (P

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“…From the absorption spectra observa tions the authors postulate that orotic acid is closely related to vitamin B1 3 or that orotic acid is a part of the vitamin Bu molecule. Catron et al (194) fed a synthetic milk formula to baby pigs and found that disease-free pigs could not be raised without lard in the diet. Hanson and co-workers (189) found that a forage juice concentrate from alfalfa stimulated growth of chicks fed either a semi-purified diet or a natural diet.…”

Section: Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition

Phillips¹,

Constant²

1954

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

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An attempt will be made in this review to emphasize those areas of in vestigation in which noteworthy progress has been made. One of the out standing difficulties encountered in assessing progress in nutrition during 1953 was the lack of standardization of diets used by laboratories when simi lar problems were under study. The gathering volume of data indicates the marked effect of small changes in the diet when the nutrient or the metabolic balance is critical. This is perhaps one of the most significant aspects of nu trition research with experimental animals during the past year. It is hearten ing that Turk (1), a leading soils authority, should "spike" the half-truths of the food faddist by stating, "The theory that the over-all nutritive value of foods for man is favorably influenced by a fertile soil has not been proved," which means that the qualitative character of foods is little affected by fer tilizers applied to the soil. CARBOHYDRATESRatio techniques for the estimation dry of matter consumption of grazing animals have been studied by Kane et at.(2). The method requires two fac tors: A measurable constituent present in the forage, such as lignin, plant pigment, or indigestible protein; and an indigestible substance such as chromium sesquioxide, barium sulfate, radioactive isotopes, or dyes. The following formulae were developed: per cent indicator in the feed (A) Dry matter digestibility = 10�100 . per cent indicator in the feces Total amount of "external" indicator fed (B) Dry matter consumption = --------------Amount of "external" indicator in feces multiplied by Amount of dry matter in feces sample Per cent dry matter indigestibilityThese authors have shown that the dry matter intake calculated by formula B, based upon chromium oxide and lignin, agreed closely with weighed amounts of dry matter fed to experimental animals and were equally valid with standard total collection procedures. This held for other internal factors as well as laboratory indicators. The results obtained were within plus or 1 The survey of the literature pertaining to this review was completed in Novem ber, 1953. t The following abbreviation is used: TDN for total digestible nutrients. 319 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1954.23:319-344. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Michigan State University Library on 02/07/15. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS

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Development of Practical Synthetic Milk Formulas for Baby Pigs

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Energy, protein, and amino acid levels in the rations of weanling pigs /

Nutrition

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