Development of pesticide use maps for South Africa

Dabrowski, J.

doi:10.17159/sajs.2015/20140091

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Agrochemical treatments were applied to the mesocosms in five replicate spatial blocks and consisted of water and solvent (0.0625 mL/L acetone) controls, and atrazine (102 μg/L), chlorpyrifos (64μg/L), and fertilizer (4400 μg/L N and 440 μg/L P) individually and in all possible combinations (see Methods for details and additional treatments). Globally, atrazine and chlorpyrifos are among the most-used herbicides and insecticides, respectively 19–22 , and were applied at their estimated environmental concentrations calculated using US EPA software (see Methods). All three agrochemicals are used commonly in schistosomiasis-endemic regions 20–22 .…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally, atrazine and chlorpyrifos are among the most-used herbicides and insecticides, respectively 19–22 , and were applied at their estimated environmental concentrations calculated using US EPA software (see Methods). All three agrochemicals are used commonly in schistosomiasis-endemic regions 20–22 . Mature S. mansoni and S. haematobium eggs collected from infected Siberian hamsters were added to each mesocosm at three time points to simulate egg introduction from humans in an endemic setting.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agrochemical pollution increases risk of human exposure to schistosome parasites

Halstead

Hoover

Arakala

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Roughly 10% of the global population is at risk of schistosomiasis, a snail-22 borne parasitic disease that ranks among the most important water-based diseases of 23 humans in developing countries 1-3 . Increased prevalence, infection intensity, and spread of 24 human schistosomiasis to non-endemic areas has been consistently linked with water 25 resource management related to agricultural expansion, such as dam construction, which 26 has resulted in increased snail habitat 1,4-6 . However, the role of agrochemical pollution in 27 human schistosome transmission remains unexplored, despite strong evidence of 28 agrochemicals increasing snail-borne diseases of wildlife 7-9 and a projected 2-to 5-fold 29 increase in global agrochemical use by 2050 10 that will disproportionately occur in 30 schistosome-endemic regions. Using a field mesocosm experiment, we show that 31 environmentally relevant concentrations of fertilizer, the common herbicide atrazine, and 32 the common insecticide chlorpyrifos, individually and as mixtures, increase densities of 33 schistosome-infected snails by increasing the algae snails eat (fertilizer and atrazine) and 34 decreasing densities of snail predators (chlorpyrifos). Epidemiological models indicate that 35 these agrochemical effects can increase transmission of schistosomiasis. Hence, the rapid 36 agricultural changes occurring in schistosome-endemic regions 11,12 that are driving 37 increased agrochemical use and pollution could potentially increase the burden of 38 schistosomiasis in these areas. Identifying agricultural practices or agrochemicals that 39 minimize disease risk will be critical to meeting growing food demands while improving 40 human wellbeing 13,14 .41Main Text: The global human population is expected to reach approximately 9.7 billion 42 people by 2050 12 . To meet the food demands necessary to support this population, agricultural 43 production is projected to increase 60 to 70 percent globally, with fertilizer use increasing 2-to 44 4-fold and pesticide use 2-to 5-fold relative to levels in 2000 10,11 . Most of the increase in both 45 human population and agrochemical use will occur in developing regions of the world where 46 schistosomiasis is endemic 10-12 . For example, agricultural production is expected to nearly triple 47 in sub-Saharan Africa, the region experiencing the highest population growth rates 11 . 48 Schistosomiasis is caused by trematodes (flatworms) of the genus Schistosoma whose 49 transmission relies on freshwater snails that act as an intermediate host. Humans (and various 50 other mammal species) act as the definitive host (the host supporting the adult life stage of the 51 parasite) and are infected when cercariae (the free-swimming life stage of trematodes) released 52 from snails in infested waters penetrate through the skin of the definitive host and mature into 53 adult worms. Global control strategies generally rely on morbidity control through treatment 54 with praziquantel that kills adult worms harbored in human hosts, but drug t...

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Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agrochemical pollution increases risk of human exposure to schistosome parasites

Halstead

Hoover

Arakala

et al. 2017

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Dabrowski (2015a) confirmed that more than 3 000 pesticides were registered for use by the agricultural sector in South Africa in 2015. Pesticides are one of the many technologies commonly used to improve agricultural production in South Africa (Dabrowski, 2015a). In an earlier study, Maharaj (2005) raised concern about the increasing trend of pesticide use in South African agricultural production and the number of pesticides used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an earlier study, Dabrowski and De Klerk (2013) found the presence of agricultural pesticides in the water resources bordering intensely farmed areas, and detected pesticides in ground, surface and drinking water. Various studies have highlighted the persistent nature, mobility and potential environmental risks associated with a number of commonly used agricultural pesticides (Schulz, 2001;Footprint, 2006;Dabrowski, 2015a;Machete, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short communication: Detection of selected agricultural pesticides in river and tap water in Letsitele, Lomati and Vals–Renoster catchments, South Africa

Machete

Shadung

2019

WSA

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This paper presents the levels of detection of selected agricultural pesticides in river and tap water in the Letsitele, Lomati and Vals–Renoster catchments, South Africa. Agriculture plays a major role in the development of communities through job creation and poverty eradication. However, exposure to agricultural pesticides can result in serious human health and environmental effects. This study, therefore, identified critical areas where specific pesticides might result in high environmental and human health risks. Three water catchment areas, namely, Letsitele, Lomati and Vals–Renoster, were identified for raw and tap water analysis. The results confirmed the presence of selected agricultural pesticides: atrazine, terbuthylazine, imidacloprid, metolachlor, simazine and alachlor. Although low concentrations of most of these pesticides were detected, pesticides such as atrazine, alachlor and simazine are known for endocrine disruption. A critical finding of this study is the detection of these pesticides in tap water (drinking water) of a primary school in the Lomati catchment. This reveals a high exposure potential for human health. It is thus recommended that further research be conducted to determine the potential health risks associated with these pesticides among vulnerable communities, through epidemiological studies.

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“…Old pipes are not the only cause of surface water pollution. In agricultural areas, pesticides and leachate are swept off by rainwater from farmland to drinking water sources (Dabrowski, 2015). Many municipal water plants were not designed to remove such toxins.…”

Section: Water Sources Quality and Impact On Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact Of Community-Based Training Outreach In Improving Water Quality, Health, And Sanitation In Kenya

Ntaoti¹

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Water is an important component of the human body. A greater percentage of the body comprises of water. Digestion, brain function, movement, and sweating among others are the basic functions of the human body that require water. Often, water quality is neglected in developing countries such as Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Many individuals in these countries understand the importance of having accessible water but do not prioritize the quality and the sources of the water available to them. Public health scholars endorse education, training, and sanitary infrastructure to promote awareness and importance of water quality. To address an existing waterborne disease crisis in a school in Kenya, the researcher conducted a needs assessment and tested the applicability and modified a water purification technology (WaterPOD) along Menomonee River in WI. Upon success of the simulation, the researcher used the Health Belief Model, Diffusion of Innovations, and Assessment, Design, Implementation, and Evaluation model (ADDIE) of instructional design to develop a water health-training program, which she later implemented and evaluated in 5 locations in Kenya. The results showed that the training program increased public awareness, perceived severity of waterborne diseases; water treatment and source protection. It also increased self-efficacy on household water health and sanitation.

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Development of pesticide use maps for South Africa

Cited by 28 publications

References 20 publications

Agrochemical pollution increases risk of human exposure to schistosome parasites

Agrochemical pollution increases risk of human exposure to schistosome parasites

Short communication: Detection of selected agricultural pesticides in river and tap water in Letsitele, Lomati and Vals–Renoster catchments, South Africa

The Impact Of Community-Based Training Outreach In Improving Water Quality, Health, And Sanitation In Kenya

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