Development of object permanence in the New Zealand parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps)

Abstract

Eleven young kakarikis (Cyanoramphus auriceps) were tested on 15 object-permanence tasks in a standardized scale that has been used to assess the development of human infants, some nonhuman primates, and other mammals. The birds successfully completed all tasks in this scale, and many aspects of their testing were similar to human results, such as evidencing the A-not-B error. However, the birds differed slightly but significantly from human subjects in that some of the "invisible displacements" of the later tasks were performed before the earlier visible displacement tasks. These results may relate to common ecological activities of this species. Six of the birds were parent-raised; 5 were hand-raised. The hand-raised birds achieved criteria more qUickly than did the parent-raised birds possibly because the former were more accustomed to the investigator and less distractible in the test situation.

Object Permanence in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

“…Piagetian procedures are effective in cross-species comparisons because the methodology involves very detailed observations (similar to ethological procedure) and the target activities can be done by nonverbal, action-oriented subjects (Funk, 1996). Furthermore, the concept of object permanence has proved to be of particular importance in nonhuman animals because of its potential ecological advantages in the lives of many species (Dumas, 1992;Etienne, 1984).…”

Object permanence tests on gibbons (Hylobatidae).

“…To test whether subjects mentally represent and remember the identity of the object, other types of tasks need to be completed in which the experimenter surreptitiously replaces the object during invisible displacements. If subjects are surprised at finding something other than what had been hidden, it demonstrates a complete understanding of object permanence (e.g., Funk, 1996;Pepperberg, Willner, & Gravitz, 1997).…”

“…Object permanence-the understanding that objects are separate entities that continue to exist when out of sight (e.g., Funk, 1996;Piaget, 1937Piaget, /1954-is most frequently studied with the help of Piaget's object permanence tasks, in which subjects have to find objects that were previously hidden by the experimenter. The two main types of this task are visible and invisible displacements.…”

Az összehasonlító evolúciós perspektíva szerepe a piegetiánus tárgyállandóság értelmezésében

“…Gagnon és Doré, 1992;1993; Collier-Baker és mts., 2004) a macska (pl. Doré, 1986;Doré és mts., 1996), és egyes madárfajok (szürkepapagáj -Pepperberg és Kozak, 1986; Pepperberg, 1997; szarkaPollock és mts., 2000; szajkó -Zucca és mts., 2007; lóri papagáj -Funk, 1996). A főemlősökön kívül csak a szürkepapagáj (Pepperberg és Kozak, 1986) és a kutyák (pl.…”