“…Exploiting the relationship between the high-temperature properties of steel and pressure, ring-mash welding enables joining at temperatures below the melting point. 30) The present study investigates the effects of current and applied pressure on the cross-sectional microstructure and strength of joints formed by ring-mash welding. When the current generates a high heat, the bonding is accompanied by spatter, but spatter can be suppressed by increasing the applied pressure.…”