Development of Niacinamide/Ferulic Acid-Loaded Multiple Emulsion and Its In Vitro/In Vivo Investigation as a Cosmeceutical Product

Abstract

Objective. Multiple emulsions have the ability to incorporate both lipophilic and hydrophilic actives in the same preparation and facilitate permeation of active ingredients through skin. The current study was aimed at formulating niacinamide/ferulic acid-loaded stable multiple emulsion (MNF) and its in vitro/in vivo characterization as a cosmeceutical product. Methods. Both the compounds were evaluated for their radical scavenging potential by the DPPH method and FTIR analysis. Then, placebo and active formulations were prepared using a double emulsification method and were investigated for stability testing (changes in color, odor, and liquefaction on centrifugation, pH, and globule size) for a period of three months. Afterwards, MNF was investigated for in vitro sun protection factor, rheological studies, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, zeta size, and ex vivo permeation. Moreover, after ensuring the hypoallergenicity and safety, it was also checked for its cosmeceutical effects on human skin using noninvasive biophysical probes in comparison with placebo. Results. Results demonstrated that MNF showed a non-Newtonian behavior rheologically and both MNF and placebo were stable at different storage conditions. Entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, and zeta size were 93.3%, -5.88 mV, and 0.173 μm, respectively. Moreover, melanin, sebum, and skin erythema were significantly reduced while skin elasticity and hydration were improved. Conclusion. It is evident that niacinamide and ferulic acid can be successfully incorporated in a stable multiple emulsion which has potent cosmeceutical effects on human skin.

Profiling of phytochemicals using LC‐ESI‐MS2, in vitro, in vivo characterization and cosmeceutical effects of Alpinia galanga (wild) extract loaded emulgel

“…In vitro testing indicated that developed emulgel has great capacity for sun protection. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of AGEA to protect skin against photodamage 40,41 …”

“…Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of AGEA to protect skin against photodamage. 40,41 The rate-limiting steps in the production of melanin are mediated by the tyrosinase enzyme. When incubated with L-DOPA, relative tyrosinase activity can be measured.…”

Assessment of Brassica oleraceae L. (Brassicaceae) extract loaded ethosomal gel as a versatile vesicular carrier system for dermocosmetic application: A noninvasive split‐faced study

“…1,2 As several metabolic sequences obstruct the use of antioxidants and polyphenols in diet, 3 cosmetic products via topical and transdermal route are a paramount choice for the provision of these antioxidants for various skin ailments. 1 The use of transdermal drug delivery system with nanotechnology such as ethosomes is gaining much attention now a day, owing to their first-pass effect; safe and effectual transport of drugs. Ethosomes, being the lipid-based vesicular nano-carriers can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, easily permeate through the skin because of the presence of higher amount of ethanol, are stable and non-irritant to the skin, can produce both local and systemic effects and release the drug over an extended period of time by acting as a depot.…”

“…Antioxidants, by subsiding the excessive production of reactive oxygen species plus upgrading of antioxidant resistance of the body endogenously, lead toward enhanced elasticity and hydration along with reduced melanin level by shielding the skin from UVR damage. 1,2 As several metabolic sequences obstruct the use of antioxidants and polyphenols in diet, 3 cosmetic products via topical and transdermal route are a paramount choice for the provision of these antioxidants for various skin ailments. 1 The use of transdermal drug delivery system with nanotechnology such as ethosomes is gaining much attention now a day, owing to their first-pass effect; safe and effectual transport of drugs.…”

“…Being the prime human organ, skin remains unremittingly exposed to disparaging environmental effects and ultraviolet radiations (UVR) that may lead to inflammation by photodamaging; hyperpigmentation, dryness, roughness, and wrinkling of the skin. Antioxidants, by subsiding the excessive production of reactive oxygen species plus upgrading of antioxidant resistance of the body endogenously, lead toward enhanced elasticity and hydration along with reduced melanin level by shielding the skin from UVR damage 1,2 …”