Development of New Technologies Targeting Zero Emissions for Gasoline Engines

Nishizawa, Kimiyoshi; Momoshima, Sukenori; Koga, Masaki; Tsuchida, Hirofumi

doi:10.4271/2000-01-0890

Cited by 38 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A Nissan was the first production vehicle to meet the SULEV standard using a close-coupled catalyst and a two-stage HC-trap system to minimise HC emissions [30]. Production systems now in operation use new substrates, advanced catalyst formulations and sophisticated engine control strategies to meet the Californian SULEV/PZEV standards.…”

Section: Ultra-low Emissions Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-way catalyst emissions control technologies for spark-ignition engines—recent trends and future developments

Collins

Twigg

2007

Top Catal

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Exhaust gas emissions from passenger cars with traditional gasoline engines have been markedly reduced over the three decades since the introduction of catalysts. The first oxidation catalysts were superseded by two-catalyst three-way systems that were followed by single three-way catalysts (TWCs). The first Pt/Rh-based TWCs formulations were refined by incorporating increasingly thermally stable ceria-based components to keep the surface composition close to stochiometric during exhaust gas composition fluctuations. Substituting Pd for Pt gave further improvement in some applications, as can zoning catalyst type or loading on a single substrate. Optimisation of cell density, geometric area, and thermal capacity of the substrate provided additional benefits. Modern advanced TWCs are very thermally stable so they can be mounted directly on the exhaust manifold. Here, with a rapid engine start-up strategy catalyst operating temperatures are quickly achieved after the engine is started. As a result extremely low emissions can be achieved, and computer models are used to predict the performance of different catalyst loadings and layouts. This is a powerful tool in the design of TWC systems for new engines/vehicles to predict what will be optimal, and today high performance from relatively very low PGM loadings is possible, in spite of increasingly stringent tailpipe emissions limits and distances over which they must be maintained. Now the performance of TWCs is monitored during actual on road driving, and this is done via measurement of the catalyst oxygen storage capacity.

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Section: Ultra-low Emissions Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-way catalyst emissions control technologies for spark-ignition engines—recent trends and future developments

Collins

Twigg

2007

Top Catal

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“…Several authors have noted that the majority of tailpipe emissions occur within the first minute of engine operation [8,9,10]. After the powertrain thermally stabilizes, the additional emissions are often negligible.…”

Section: Air Pollution Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Electrification of the Automobile: From Conventional Hybrid, to Plug-in Hybrids, to Extended-Range Electric Vehicles

Tate¹,

Harpster²,

Savagian³

2008

SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars – Electron. Electr. Syst.

227

116

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A key element of General Motors' Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy is the electrification of the automobile. The objectives of this strategy are reduced fuel consumption, reduced emissions and increased energy security/diversification.The introduction of hybrid vehicles was one of the first steps as a result of this strategy. To determine future opportunities and direction, an extensive study was completed to better understand the ability of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) and Extended-Range Electric Vehicles (E-REV) to address societal challenges. The study evaluated real world representative driving datasets to understand actual vehicle usage.Vehicle simulations were conducted to evaluate the merits of PHEV and E-REV configurations.As derivatives of conventional full hybrids, PHEVs have the potential to deliver a significant reduction in petroleum usage.However, the fuel consumption benefits are limited by the underlying constraints of the base hybrid systems and vehicles.Even with incremental electric power and speed improvements, the PHEV's lack of full-performance, all-electric capability requires engine operation under everyday speed and/or load conditions, regardless of available battery energy. This creates emissions concerns and can severely limit the actual all-electric driving range in the real world.The E-REV is principally an Electric Vehicle (EV) with full vehicle performance available as an EV. Significantly, it overcomes the historical EV re-charge time limitations by adding a fuel-powered electric generator to extend driving range. Actual all-electric driving can regularly be experienced throughout the working energy range of the vehicle's battery without fear of being stranded. The E-REV offers the opportunity for petroleum independence, and a dramatic reduction in emissions for many drivers.An E-REV traction drive and battery system needs to be specifically designed for the task. The systems are significantly more capable and larger than those designed for PHEVs. An E-REV is typically also architected to accommodate packaging of these systems while retaining performance and utility. The compelling benefits of the E-REV drive GM to address these challenges.The study results indicate that both the PHEVs and the E-REVs can play a role in addressing future needs. The study shows that in the real world the PHEV is quite likely to run with blended operation, but the E-REV is very likely to remain in EV mode for most drivers.GM is currently developing both PHEV and E-REV vehicles. The Saturn VUE Green Line PHEV is being developed as a derivative of the conventional 2-Mode Hybrid.The Chevrolet Volt E-REV is also under development with full performance, all-electric capability, but without practical range limitations. General Motors Corporation

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“…More improvement in combustion stability was obtained by optimizing the geometry of the CMCV. Similar research by Nishizawa et al [9] showed that the cold start-up HC emissions were reduced by an electronically actuated CMCV with a high-speed starter and a fast light-off catalyst. Jung et a].…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 56%