Purpose. To give a theoretical analysis and a reasonable choice of the main alloying elements for the development of magnesium alloys with a high level of properties. Methods of research. Metallographic and X-ray research methods. Determination of mechanical properties under tension (GOST 1497-84) and long-term strength at elevated temperatures (GOST 9651-84). Results. It is shown the relationship between the state diagrams and the melting point of the selected alloying elements with the heat resistance of magnesium alloys. Perspective elements for improvement of the heat resistance of Magnesium alloys are Nd, Ge, Ag, Y, Sc, Zr, Si, Ti and Hf. These elements form complex intermetallic phases, differed by topology and morphology. Under their influence macro-and micrograins of metal are grinded and the microhardness of structural components increases. As the content of alloying elements in the alloy increased, the size of spherical intermetallides grew, general number of the intermetallides increased and the strength and durability of the alloy improved. It has been established that the heat resistance of Magnesium alloys depends first on the number of thermal resistant intermetallic phase, the content of which related to the melting temperature of alloying elements. Scientific novelty. Based on an analysis of binary phase diagrams and the atomic-electronic structure of the elements, it was determined a number of alloying elements that provide the best combination of mechanical and heatresistant properties of cast magnesium alloys. Practical value. The use of new Magnesium alloys with high complex of mechanical properties and heat-resistance increased reliability and durability of structural components and parts used in different industries, such as engineering and aircraft engines manufacture.