“…Numerous assays concerning the adsorption, coating or covalent link of antibiotics to surfaces have been performed (Oprea et al 2016), but this way is now considered a misuse given the increased risk of antibiotic resistance emergence as indicated in the French national alert plan on antibiotics (Minist ere de l'Emploi du Travail et de la Sant e 2011) as well as the United States national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (NARMS) integrated report proposed for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria (FDA CDC and USDA 2015). Among other antimicrobial molecules, metallic cations and metal oxides are frequently suggested like copper or alloys (Harrasser et al 2015), silver (Sondi and Salopek-Sondi 2004), magnesium oxide (He et al 2016), zinc oxide under coatings, grafted or integrated in nanoparticles (Jin et al 2009;de Rancourt et al 2013;Pasquet et al 2014;Elkady et al;Pasquet et al 2015;Oprea et al 2016;Salarbashi et al 2016). The aim of using such molecules, and in particular metal oxides, is a large antimicrobial spectrum of activity (Jin et al 2009;Pasquet et al 2014Pasquet et al , 2015, but also the frequent proof of no or poor toxic effect for humans, and sometimes improvement of wound healing and/or epithelialization (Petrochenko et al 2013;Pati et al 2014).…”