Development of nano Ni x Mg y O solid solutions with outstanding anti-carbon deposition capability for the steam reforming of methanol

Hydrogen Generation from Catalytic Steam Reforming of Acetic Acid by Ni/Attapulgite Catalysts

“…The result of the research is consistent with the structure of pristine ATC in the literature [49,50]. In Figure 3A,B, it can be seen that the analogy in respect of morphology between PM-Ni/ATC and IM-Ni/ATC were also observed, which may be ascribed to their similar preparation procedure [41]. As shown in Figure 3C, the Ni particle size on the surface of MM-Ni/ATC is larger and the aggregation of them is severer than those of the other two catalysts.…”

“…Because of the weak bonding force in MM-Ni/ATC, these free Ni particles are easily reduced deeply before reaction, which results in the higher activation at the initial stage of the reaction. Meanwhile, these free Ni particles could also overcome the crystal force of surface and agglomerate to emerge larger size crystallites during the reforming process, which accelerates the deactivation of the catalysts [41]. These results are demonstrated by catalytic test of all catalysts, as shown in Section 2.2.…”

“…From Table 1, it also displays that the surface areas of the three catalysts, which are similar to one another, are significantly increased compared with that of ATC, and the pore volumes of them are very close to that of ATC. In short, the three synthesis methods can enlarge the surface areas of the catalysts, and further enhance the catalytic activity and metallic dispersion of them [41,48]. Both nature ATC and the three Ni/ATC catalysts exhibit well-defined hysteresis loops of H 3 Type (Figure 2a), demonstrating that the samples are made up of plate-like particles (loose assemblages) forming slit-like pores [47].…”

“…Furthermore, the diffraction peaks at 2θ of 44.5 • and 51.8 • are attributed to crystal phase of Ni • species (JCPDS PDF# 04-0850) in all reduced and spent catalysts. This is because NiO species are highly disperse on the surface of ATC and strongly interactive with ATC through the synthesis methods of precipitation and impregnation, resulting in the crystal phase of NiO which cannot be detected by XRD in fresh PM-Ni/ATC and IM-Ni/ATC catalysts [25,41]. By comparison, among the XRD spectra of reduced and spent catalysts of these three Ni/ATC catalysts, the intensities of the Ni • peaks are increased in the order of MM-Ni/ATC > PM-Ni/ATC > IM-Ni/ATC.…”

“…This result manifests that the bonding crystal force inside the structures of PM-Ni/ATC and IM-Ni/ATC is stronger than that of MM-Ni/ATC. It is well known that Ni • particles in Ni-based catalysts contribute to the catalytic activation of SR reaction [17,41]. Because of the weak bonding force in MM-Ni/ATC, these free Ni particles are easily reduced deeply before reaction, which results in the higher activation at the initial stage of the reaction.…”