Development of Multiobjective High-Level Synthesis for FPGAs

Devi²,

et al. 2023

Biomimetics

The application of artificial intelligence in everyday life is becoming all-pervasive and unavoidable. Within that vast field, a special place belongs to biomimetic/bio-inspired algorithms for multiparameter optimization, which find their use in a large number of areas. Novel methods and advances are being published at an accelerated pace. Because of that, in spite of the fact that there are a lot of surveys and reviews in the field, they quickly become dated. Thus, it is of importance to keep pace with the current developments. In this review, we first consider a possible classification of bio-inspired multiparameter optimization methods because papers dedicated to that area are relatively scarce and often contradictory. We proceed by describing in some detail some more prominent approaches, as well as those most recently published. Finally, we consider the use of biomimetic algorithms in two related wide fields, namely microelectronics (including circuit design optimization) and nanophotonics (including inverse design of structures such as photonic crystals, nanoplasmonic configurations and metamaterials). We attempted to keep this broad survey self-contained so it can be of use not only to scholars in the related fields, but also to all those interested in the latest developments in this attractive area.

Section: Applications In Microelectronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithms Including Applications in Microelectronics and Nanophotonics

Devi²,

et al. 2023

Biomimetics

High-Level Synthesis Hardware Design for FPGA-Based Accelerators: Models, Methodologies, and Frameworks

et al. 2022

Hardware accelerators based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) and system on chip (SoC) devices have gained attention in recent years. One of the main reasons is that these devices contain reconfigurable logic, which makes them feasible for boosting the performance of applications. High-level synthesis (HLS) tools facilitate the creation of FPGA code from a high level of abstraction using different directives to obtain an optimized hardware design based on performance metrics. However, the complexity of the design space depends on different factors such as the number of directives used in the source code, the available resources in the device, and the clock frequency. Design space exploration (DSE) techniques comprise the evaluation of multiple implementations with different combinations of directives to obtain a design with a good compromise between different metrics. This paper presents a survey of models, methodologies, and frameworks proposed for metric estimation, FPGA-based DSE, and power consumption estimation on FPGA/SoC. The main features, limitations, and trade-offs of these approaches are described. We also present the integration of existing models and frameworks in diverse research areas and identify the different challenges to be addressed. INDEX TERMSComputing models, design space exploration, field programmable gate array (FPGA), system on chip (SoC), power consumption.years (2016-2022) and have been selected based on the topics addressed in this survey. Several papers published before 2016 have been considered because of their contributions to the current literature. C. OUTLINEThe remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II briefly presents the most widely used parallel computing models for CPU, GPU, and multicore processors. Section III introduces the FPGA-based reconfigurable hardware accelerator architectures, hardware/software co-design, DSE and metrics, and the techniques to improve latency, area, and power for this technology. In Section IV, we describe previous works on models, methodologies, and frameworks proposed for FPGA/SoC according to their main features: metrics estimation (IV-A), FPGA-based DSE (IV-B), and power consumption estimation (IV-C); and in Section IV-D, we present a summary and discussion. The integration of models and frameworks for FPGA-based reconfigurable hardware accelerators in different research fields is exposed in Section V. Challenges are analyzed in Section VI. Finally, conclusions are presented in Section VII. II. PARALLEL COMPUTING MODELS FOR PERFORMANCE ESTIMATIONComputing models allow to easily analyzing algorithms by simplifying the computational world to a reduced set of parameters that define the cost of arithmetic and memory access operations and communication. These models contribute to the search for efficient algorithms for a given architecture, improving the productivity of designers, programmers, and engineers. A small amount of communication, a small number of operations, and a high degree of parallelism are key points that d...

Towards Machine Learning-Based FPGA Backend Flow: Challenges and Opportunities

Taj

Farooq

2023

Electronics

Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is at the core of System on Chip (SoC) design across various Industry 5.0 digital systems—healthcare devices, farming equipment, autonomous vehicles and aerospace gear to name a few. Given that pre-silicon verification using Computer Aided Design (CAD) accounts for about 70% of the time and money spent on the design of modern digital systems, this paper summarizes the machine learning (ML)-oriented efforts in different FPGA CAD design steps. With the recent breakthrough of machine learning, FPGA CAD tasks—high-level synthesis (HLS), logic synthesis, placement and routing—are seeing a renewed interest in their respective decision-making steps. We focus on machine learning-based CAD tasks to suggest some pertinent research areas requiring more focus in CAD design. The development of open-source benchmarks optimized for an end-to-end machine learning experience, intra-FPGA optimization, domain-specific accelerators, lack of explainability and federated learning are the issues reviewed to identify important research spots requiring significant focus. The potential of the new cloud-based architectures to understand the application of the right ML algorithms in FPGA CAD decision-making steps is discussed, together with visualizing the scenario of incorporating more intelligence in the cloud platform, with the help of relatively newer technologies such as CAD as Adaptive OpenPlatform Service (CAOS). Altogether, this research explores several research opportunities linked with modern FPGA CAD flow design, which will serve as a single point of reference for modern FPGA CAD flow design.