Development of multi‐component non‐sex pheromone blends to monitor both sexes of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract

Nineteen host plant volatiles (HPVs) were screened for attractivity to adult codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) as a fourth component of core blends (3K) including (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate, (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene and acetic acid. Each new quaternary combination was compared with a previously reported attractive bisexual lure (4K), consisting of the 3K blend plus 6‐ethenyl‐2,2,6‐trimethyloxan‐3‐ol (pyranoid linalool oxide, pyrLOX). All lure evaluations were conducted in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen). Several compounds were found to significantly lower total and/or female catches when added to the 3K blend, including (Z)‐3‐hexenol, (E)‐2‐hexanal and hexyl butanoate (female and total moths), and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate and linalool (female moths). Other compounds when added to the 3K blend did not increase or decrease moth catches, including methyl salicylate, (E)‐β‐ocimene, limonene, β‐caryophyllene, butyl hexanoate, farnesol, terpineol, terpinen‐4‐ol and α‐pinene. A few added compounds significantly increased moth catches compared with the 3K blend, including β‐pinene (male moths), (Z)‐jasmone (male and total moths), (E)‐β‐farnesene and β‐myrcene (female and total moths), and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene (male, female, and total moths). In addition, each of these five compounds when added to the 3K core blend performed similarly to the 4K lure (male, females, and total moths). Further studies should expand these results through tests of these and other new blends with a range of component ratios and total loading amounts. Field trials should also be replicated within all host crops of codling moth and across major geographical production regions.

Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Gn., Lepidoptera: Crambidae): Attraction to a bisexual lure and comparison of performance with synthetic sex pheromone

“…While the monitoring of pest insects with pheromone traps is in use for a great number of moth species (Witzgall et al, 2010;Prasad and Prabhakar, 2012), other semiochemicals have also been used for this purpose (Judd et al, 2017;Preti et al, 2021aPreti et al, , 2021b. The effectiveness of either lure should be tested separately for each species to choose the best formulation for agricultural use.…”

“…Thus, hostplant-derived lures may provide promising tools for monitoring pest insects in agro-ecosystems. Lures containing synthetic plant-derived compounds are generally called "bisexual lures," as they attract both females and males, as opposed to pheromone lures, which in the case of most moths attract only males (Tóth et al, 2017;Nagy et al, 2021;Preti et al, 2021aPreti et al, , 2021b.…”

Developing female removal for Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in organic pear in the USA and Italy

“…Future adoption of FR to assist the management of codling moth depends on several factors, including the refinement of the strategy across geographical regions with its validation in other countries, evaluations in other host crops such as apple and walnut ( Juglans regia L.), and perhaps the identification of new more efficacious attractants (Preti et al., 2021b). Both optimum trap density and distribution per unit of space needs to be investigated for codling moth FR (Knight, 2007b; Suckling et al., 2015).…”

Infestation of the gall midgeDasineura oleaeprovides first evidence of induced plant volatiles in olive leaves

“…Consequently, neighboring plants are primed to increase their defense as a precautionary response in a phenomenon called 'talking trees' (Abraham et al, 2015;Arimura and Pearse, 2017). From an agronomical point of view, HIPVs could be used very similarly to insect sexual pheromones for pest monitoring, mass trapping, and disruption of host-finding behavior (Regnault-Roger and Philogène, 2008;Rodriguez-Saona and Stelinski, 2009;Preti et al, 2021aPreti et al, , 2021b.…”