Development of mock circulation models for the assessment of counterpulsation systems

Abstract

This paper demonstrates the potential of the mock circulation models both for the investigation of muscle wrap performance and for the comparison of extra-aortic muscle with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation.

A phantom with pulsating artificial vessels for non-invasive fetal pulse oximetry

“…The exponential decay of the diastolic pressure is strongly influenced by the compliance. According to Bowles et al [2] the compliance can be calculated and adjusted by the amount of air and the pressure.…”

Introducing a hardware-in-the-loop simulation of the cardiovascular system

“…Recent attempts have been able to physiologically mimic the atrium, ventricle, and vascular components, through the controlled use of pneumatic or hydraulic drives for flow, along with air tight integrated chambers to produce vascular resistance and compliance [19]. Although mock circulation loops provide a suitable test platform to evaluate cardiac assist devices [20,21] and their controllers performance [22,23], it has difficulty to produce complex nonlinear CV functions and implies high cost and compound mechanisms [24]. By focusing our attention on DMVA, it has not been shown how the mechanical interaction of these systems directly affects the complete mock circulatory system.…”

Cardiovascular Modeling

“…The Windkessel model is analogous to an electrical circuit, with pressure representing electrical potential and flow representing current (Hales 1733; Frank 1899). One major use of mock loops is to study cardiac assist devices, such as axial flow pumps (Camus et al 2007;Nakatani et al 1994), centrifugal pumps (Jahanmir et al 2009;Takami 2006) and counterpulsators (Bowles et al 1991;Kolyva et al 2010;Papaioannou et al 2004). They are also useful to study heart valves (Scharfscherdt et al 2009) in the aortic (Kuehnel et al 2005), mitral (Jimenez et al 2005) and pulmonary (Gohean et al 2006) positions, as well as being used as ''bioreactors'' for bioengineering tissue valves (Bowles et al 2010;Dumont et al 2002).…”

“…A rapid prototyped model is thus useful as a test section within a mock circulatory loop. Test sections in fact can be either simplified morphologies (Bowles et al 1991;Vismara et al 2009) or patient-specific phantoms (Biglino et al 2011a;de Zélicourt et al 2005;Kitajima et al 2008). They can also be either rigid (de Zélicourt et al 2005;Ensley et al 1999) or compliant (Biglino et al 2011b;Kolyva et al 2010;Segers et al 1998) depending on the purpose of the experiment.…”