Development of mixed-oak forests in southeastern Ohio: a comparison of second-growth and old-growth forests

Structure and Composition of Old-Growth and Unmanaged Second-Growth Riparian Forests at Redwood National Park, USA

“…Importance values (IV) [28] were calculated for each species by dividing the sum of basal area, stem density, and frequency values by 3 (or 2 when only 2 of the 3 measurements were available). IV is useful for highlighting differences between stands with similar species compositions, when those differences are not be apparent using a single measure [29][30][31]. Old-growth and second-growth metrics were compared using two-sample t-tests and Mann-Whitney U Tests (for non-parametric data) [32] and the medians of multiple groups of species were compared using Kruskal-Wallis Multiple Comparison Z-value tests [32] for those distributions failing normality tests.…”

An Assessment of Flowering Dogwood (<i>Cornus florida</i> L.) Decline in the Eastern United States

“…Measures of high relative density and elevated importance values prior to D. destructiva infestation were reported by Hannah (1993) in North Carolina, Quarterman et al (1972) in Tennessee, Muller (1982) in Kentucky, Carr and Banas (2000) in Virginia, and Sherald et al (1996) in Maryland. Moreover, C. florida has been documented as a common component of second-growth hardwood stands (Orwig & Abrams, 1994;Jenkins & Parker, 1998), as an important understory component of old-growth forests (McCune et al, 1988;Goebel & Hix, 1996), and is also reported to be a significant source of calcium, in the form of leaf litter, in the surface horizons of some forest soils (Thomas, 1969;Hepting, 1971).…”

“…Measures of high relative density and elevated importance values prior to D. destructiva infestation were reported by Hannah (1993) in North Carolina, Quarterman et al (1972) in Tennessee, Muller (1982) in Kentucky, Carr and Banas (2000) in Virginia, and Sherald et al (1996) in Maryland. Moreover, C. florida has been documented as a common component of second-growth hardwood stands (Orwig & Abrams, 1994;Jenkins & Parker, 1998), as an important understory component of old-growth forests (McCune et al, 1988;Goebel & Hix, 1996), and is also reported to be a significant source of calcium, in the form of leaf litter, in the surface horizons of some forest soils (Thomas, 1969;Hepting, 1971).Multiple studies (Hiers & Evans, 1997;Schwegman et al, 1998; Williams & Moriarty, 1999;McEwan et al, 2000) have reported substantial C. florida mortality at local scales across its natural biological range following local colonization by D. destructiva, the causal agent for dogwood anthracnose (Redlin, 1991). While numerous studies have quantified local losses of C. florida (Sherald et al, 1996;Hiers & Evans, 1997;Schwegman et al, 1998; Williams & Moriarty, 1999;Carr & Banas, 2000;McEwan et al, 2000) specifically attributed to D. destructiva, few, if any, studies have quantified large-scale losses across the entire range of C. florida.…”

Documentation of Significant Losses inCornus floridaL. Populations throughout the Appalachian Ecoregion

“…Measures of high relative density and elevated importance values prior to Discula destructiva infestation were reported by Hannah [7] in North Carolina, Quarterman et al [8] in Tennessee, Muller [9] in Kentucky, Carr and Banas [10] in Virginia, and Sherald et al [11] in Maryland. Dogwood is also a common component of second-growth hardwood stands [12,13], an important understory component of old-growth forests [14,15], and an important source of calcium, in the form of leaf litter, in the surface horizons of some forest soils [16,17].…”