Development of Micellar HPLC-UV Method for Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Water Samples

Abstract

Method for extraction and determination of amoxicillin, caffeine, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, tetracycline, diclofenac, ibuprofen, nimesulide, levonorgestrel, and 17α-ethynylestradiol exploiting micellar liquid chromatography with PDA detector and solid-phase extraction was proposed. The usage of toxic solvents was low; the chromatographic separation of the medicaments was performed using a C18 column and mobile phases A and B containing 15.0% (v/v) ethanol, 3.0% (m/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.02 mol·L−1 phosphate at pHs 7.0 and 8.0, respectively. The method is simple, selective, and fast, and the analytes were separated in 23.0 min. For extraction, 1000 mL of sample containing 2.0% (v/v) ethanol and 0.002 mol·L−1 citric acid at pH 2.50 was loaded through a 1000 mg of C18 cartridge. The analytes were eluted using 3.0 mL of ethanol, which were evaporated and redissolved in 0.5 mL of mobile phase. Concentration factors better than 1200, except amoxicillin (224), were obtained. The analytical curves were linear (R 2 better than 0.992); LOD and LOQ (n=10) presented values in the range of 0.019–0.247 and 0.058–0.752 mg·L−1, respectively. Recoveries of 99% were obtained, and the results are in agreement with those obtained by the comparative methods.

Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province

“…Pharmaceuticals have been detected in environmental samples such as surface water, groundwater, seawater, sediments and drinking water [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], and they are referred to as emerging contaminants [2,11]. Owing to their broad application in human and veterinary medicine, large amounts of pharmaceuticals are produced yearly [1,11]. Pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics have an estimated consumption of 100,000 to 200,000 tons per year globally [3,[12][13][14].…”

“…Pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics have an estimated consumption of 100,000 to 200,000 tons per year globally [3,[12][13][14]. Approximately 5% to 90% of the ingested antibiotic doses are excreted via urine or faeces as a metabolite or parental compound depending on the chemical properties of the compound [3,11,[14][15][16][17][18]. These pharmaceuticals end up in sewage systems and eventually enter the environment through sewage leakages, discharge of effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) which enter the aquatic systems, or through the disposal of unused or unfinished medication [1,19].…”

“…Some of the antibiotics persist in the environment, lasting up to months [3,26,27]. Water is essential to life in both plants and animals [28], and thus access to clean and safe drinking water is essential to maintain a healthy life [29] and monitoring of water quality in these water resources is crucial for the protection of public health [6,10,11].…”

Green UPLC method for estimation of ciprofloxacin, diclofenac sodium, and ibuprofen with application to pharmacokinetic study of human samples

“…Few HPLC procedures were found to determine CIP, DIC, and IBU simultaneously. However, the number of techniques for separation is registered, and various medications for pain relief, inflammation, and infections are determined 12 . Green analytical chemistry aims to make it less dangerous, eco-friendly, and more economical for analysts.…”

Green versatile micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method for determination of six antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs in combined dosage forms

“…Regarding TNZ, Sebastian [10] reviewed its literature up to 2017. The recent articles concerning the analysis of CIP include spectrophotometric [11,12], High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [13,14] and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [15,16] methods. Regarding DXM, the recent methods include spectrophotometric [17], TLC [18], HPLC [19,20] and CE [21] methods.…”