Development of Membrane Selective Electrode for Determination of the Antipsychotic Sulpiride in Pharmaceuticals and Urine

Abstract

The construction and electrochemical response characteristics of a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane selective electrode for the determination of sulpiride (SPD) are described. The sensing membrane comprised an ion-exchanger formed between the protonated drug and tetraphenylborate (TPB-) in a plasticized PVC matrix. The influence of membrane composition on the electrode response was studied. The electrode showed a fast, stable and Nernstian response over a sulpiride concentration range (1 × 10-4 – 1 × 10-2 M) with a mean slope of 58.4 ± 0.9 mV dec-1 of concentration, a mean detection limit of 4.2 × 10-5 ± 1.2 × 10-5 M, a wide working pH range (2 – 8) and a fast response time (< 15 s). The electrode showed good selectivity towards sulpiride with respect to some inorganic and organic compounds. When the electrode was applied to the determination of sulpiride in pharmaceuticals and human urine, a high percentage of recovery was attained with no need for sample pretreatment procedures because of the lack of interfering matrix effects.

State-of-the-Art of (Bio)Chemical Sensor Developments in Analytical Spanish Groups

“…The flow-through cell incorporated the four electrodes and the membrane, which contained tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate. The determination of tetrabutylammonium was studied and two different amperometric methods, indirect and direct, were also developed for the determination of dodecylsulfate [ 212 ], tracine [ 213 ], tiapride [ 214 ], sulpiride [ 215 ] and catamphiphilic drugs such as the antiarrhythmic drugs procainamide and quinidine, the antimalarial quinine and the anesthetics bupivacaine, lidocaine, procaine and tetracaine [ 216 ]. Finally, a solvent polymeric membrane ion sensor has been applied to study the ion transfer of several ionic liquid cations, from water to a poly(vinyl chloride) membrane plasticized with 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether and the study has mainly been focused on dialkylimidazolium and alkylpyridinium cations [ 217 ].…”

Surfactantion-selective electrodes: A promising approach to the study of the aggregation of ionic surfactants in solution

“…11,12,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] ISEs were commonly used to determine inorganic ions and organic compounds. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] In previous reviews, 11,12 ISEs based on polymeric membranes containing neutral or charged carriers (ionophores) for determining organic ions were described in detail. The ISEs applied to surfactants in solution were also called surfactant ion-selective electrodes (SISEs), which were first prepared with liquid ion exchange membranes in 1970 by Gavach et al 35,36 and developed by Birch and Kresheck et al 37,38 There are more than 200 types of SISE since they was first reported 39 and it has become a major tool for the analysis of surfactants in environmental waste water, industrial process control, and pharmaceutical domains.…”