Development of Manifest Strabismus and Reduced Visual Acuity Following Initial Normal Orthoptic Examination/Pseudo-strabismus Under the Age of 30 Months

Garretty, Tess

doi:10.3109/09273972.2013.877944

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, one needs to be doubly sure before telling the parents that their child indeed has no strabismus. However, these children can develop strabismus anytime later,[ 2 3 4 11 12 13 14 15 16 ] thus requiring long-term follow-up.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They did not include children with features similar to that seen in pseudo-strabismus. They also did not analyze for the presence of associated strabismus at initial examination but on the other hand included children with pseudo-strabismus and analyzed as to how many developed strabismus later[ 2 3 4 11 12 13 14 15 16 ] [ Table 3 ]. In our prospective longitudinal study, we analyzed for the presence of strabismus in children with features similar to that seen in pseudo-strabismus (telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism) at initial examination as well as during follow-up.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 11 ] However, a few studies found an important association between the diagnosis of true strabismus and a positive family history of strabismus. [ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ] The history of pre-term birth and a low birth weight (<2.5 kg) was observed in four (6.66%) and six (10%) children, respectively. One child with pre-term birth and a low birth weight who did not have strabismus at the first visit developed so (XT) at the third follow-up (18 months) [ Table 3 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence and development of strabismus in children with telecanthus, epicanthus and hypertelorism

Mooss

Kavitha

Ravishankar

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: To study the presence and development of strabismus in children with telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism. Methods: This is a prospective, longitudinal, and observational study. Sixty children aged between 6 months and 18 years with telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism in isolation or in combination were recruited. A detailed analysis of the history, determination of best corrected visual acuity, complete evaluation of strabismus, and ocular examination were carried out. The presence of telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism and associated strabismus, if any, was noted. All children were followed up for a minimum and maximum period of 12 and 18 months, respectively, to analyze the strabismus (previously present) and for detection of strabismus in those who did not have. The data were analyzed descriptively with mean and standard deviation. Chi square test and Fishers exact test were used to analyze the data between the groups. A P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Telecanthus was the most common lid feature (55%). At baseline, ten (16.66%) children had strabismus (six: esotropia; four: exotropia). Two (3.33%) children underwent surgery. One child developed exotropia at the third follow-up (18 months). At the end of the study, 11 (18.33%) children had strabismus. No significant association was seen between lid characteristics and the type of strabismus. Conclusion: Children with telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypertelorism in isolation or in combination may or may not have associated strabismus. These features can pose difficulty in strabismus diagnosis, which mandates a careful examination, especially in younger age groups and small-angle strabismus. On the other hand, children without strabismus need longer follow-up to detect the development of strabismus and to initiate further management at the earliest.

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