Development of language and arithmetic skills: risk and protective factors. Comparative cross-sectional study

Abstract

Language is a complex cognitive function, characterized by a system of principles and rules that enable people to code their meaning in a symbol, and vice-versa. 1 It has both expressive and receptive components. 1 Under a natural course, oral language skills are developed first (pragmatic, phonological, morphosyntactic and semantic aspects), and then metalinguistic and written language skills are acquired. Arithmetic skills, in turn, are related to numerical properties and operations. 1 To develop arithmetic skills, three different systems are recruited, depending on the task: a nonverbal system (responsible for presenting the relationship between numbers); a verbal system (the numbers are expressed as a type of word); and a visual system (numbers can be decoded as Arabic numerals). 2 Development of the abovementioned cognitive skills is of utmost importance to the life of every human being within literate society. 3 For these skills to be adequately developed, children need to be integrated into various environments, and to acquire other levels of development. Recent reports have shown prevalences of alterations in written language and/or arithmetic performance of approximately 22% among Indian schoolchildren 4 and 54% among Brazilian schoolchildren. 5 Regarding the prevalence of specific learning disorders (dyslexia and/or dyscalculia), the same studies stated that the percentage was 3% in Brazil, 5 9% in Turkish-born children 6 and 7.5% in India 4. They also showed that high rates of comorbidities were present in children with

Transformasi Makna Leksikal dalam Bahasa Indonesia Mutakhir: Analisis Wacana Termediasi Komputer

“…Para ahli bahasa mulai mengkaji ihwal fungsi bahasa sebagai pembentuk realitas, bahkan dapat dikatakan melampaui batas realitas yang dikenal dengan istilah hiperrealitas (Franke, 2012) (Lazzini et al, 2022). Bahasa memiliki fungsi protektif (Zuanetti et al, 2021) sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai alat (McNeil, 2017;Mdzanga & Moeng, 2020;Obianika, 2020). Perkembangan selanjutnya, bahasa bahkan dapat mengubah dan mengonstruksi keadaan.…”