Development of lacrimal gland inflammation in the mouse model of herpes stromal keratitis

Rao, Pushpa; McKown, Robert L.; Laurie, Gordon W.; Suvas, Susmit

doi:10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.022

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In a paper submitted at the time of the submission of the present paper and recently published, another group reported that HSV-1 infected the ELG following corneal infection and that this infection led to a loss in tear production initially noted at day 7 p.i. (47). In addition, glandular pathology associated with CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ T cell infiltration and expression of IFN-␥ was described and was correlative to the severity of HSV-1 keratitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ocular Glands Become Infected Secondarily to Infectious Keratitis and Play a Role in Corneal Resistance to Infection

Montgomery

Callegan

Fuller

et al. 2019

J Virol

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Ocular glands play a critical role in eye health through the secretion of factors directly onto the ocular surface. The cornea is a normally transparent tissue necessary for visual acuity located in the anterior segment of the eye. Corneal damage can occur during microbial infection of the cornea, resulting in potentially permanent visual deficits. The involvement of ocular glands during corneal infection has been only briefly described. We hypothesized that ocular glands contribute to resistance as an arm of the eye-associated lymphoid tissue and may also be susceptible to infection secondary to microbial keratitis. Utilizing a mouse model of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) keratitis, we found that infection of corneas resulted in subsequent infection of ocular glands, including harderian glands (HGs) and extraorbital glands. Similarly, infection of corneas with Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in secondary infection of ocular glands. A robust immune response, characterized by increased numbers of immune cells and inflammatory mediators, occurred within ocular glands following HSV-1 keratitis. Removal of HGs altered corneal resistance to HSV-1, as measured by increased viral load, decreased corneal edema, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. These novel findings suggest that ocular glands are involved in microbial keratitis through their susceptibility to secondary infection and contribution to corneal resistance. IMPORTANCE Microbial keratitis accounts for up to 700,000 clinical visits annually in the United States. The involvement of ocular glands during microbial keratitis is not readily appreciated, and treatment options do not address the consequences of ocular gland dysfunction. The present study shows that ocular glands are susceptible to direct infection by common ocular pathogens, including HSV-1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, subsequent to microbial keratitis. Additionally, ocular glands contribute soluble factors that play a role in corneal resistance to HSV-1 and alter viral load, corneal edema, and immune cell infiltration. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which this occurs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ocular Glands Become Infected Secondarily to Infectious Keratitis and Play a Role in Corneal Resistance to Infection

Montgomery

Callegan

Fuller

et al. 2019

J Virol

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“…Inflammation is involved in many lacrimal gland diseases, such as high-fat diet–related dry eye, autoimmune disease–related dry eye, and graft-versus-host disease–related dry eye. 32 – 34 Lacrimal duct blockage–induced inflammation may also contribute to acinar cell apoptosis and fibrosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lacrimal Gland Microenvironment Changes After Obstruction of Lacrimal Gland Ducts

Sun

et al. 2022

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose To investigate microenvironment changes of the lacrimal gland after obstruction of lacrimal gland ducts. Methods The ducts of rat exorbital lacrimal gland were ligated by sutures for different durations. After that, the sutures in some animals were released, and they were observed for 21 days to evaluate the recovery of the lacrimal gland. Slit lamp and tear secretion test was performed to evaluate ocular surface and lacrimal gland function. The lacrimal gland and cornea were harvested and processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining, oil red O staining, LipidTOX staining, Masson staining, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence staining. Results After the lacrimal gland ducts were blocked, tear secretion and the weight of the lacrimal gland were reduced. Incidence of corneal neovascularization increased after seven days. Intraglandular ducts dilated and acini destroyed. Long-term ligation induced fibrosis and lipid accumulation of the lacrimal glands. Inflammatory cell infiltrated and inflammatory factors upregulated. Proliferative and apoptotic cells increased. Structure of myoepithelial cells and basement membrane was destroyed. The p63 expression increased whereas Pax6 expression decreased. After suture release, tear secretion and structure of acini could recover in less than seven days after ligation, with a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis relief. Apoptotic cells and proliferative cells increased at five days thereafter. The structure of the myoepithelial cells and basement membrane could not recover three days after ligation, and the number of mesenchymal cells increased in ligation after five to 14 days. Conclusions Blockage of the lacrimal gland ducts results in dystrophy of lacrimal gland acini cells, inflammation, and lipid accumulation of the lacrimal gland microenvironment. Long-term duct blockage will cause irreversible lacrimal gland failure.

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“…Stromal involvement is usually a precursor for corneal scarring due to the infiltration of inflammation regulatory agents[ 275 ]. Rao et al [ 276 ] in their study showed the development of lacrimal gland inflammation in a mouse model of herpes stromal keratitis underpinning the inflammatory origin of herpes stromal keratitis[ 276 ]. Ocular infestation of the HSV is usually secondary to an infection in another part of the body[ 277 ].…”

Section: Complications Of Herpes Simplex Keratitis: Corneal Scarring ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview

Musa,

Enaholo,

Aluyi-Osa

et al. 2024

World J Virol

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The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment options, management, and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can affect several tissues, including the cornea. One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea. After the initial infection, the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion, a nerve cluster near the eye. The virus may remain dormant for extended periods. Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur, leading to recurrent episodes of HSK. Factors triggering reactivation include stress, illness, immunosuppression, or trauma. Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns, ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease. The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals. Severe cases of HSK, especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring, can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases. The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision, and scarring can compromise this, potentially leading to visual impairment. The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization. Antiviral medications, such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir, may be prescribed for prophylaxis. The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage. Inflammation, caused by the body's attempt to control the infection, may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues. Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation. In summary, the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.

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Development of lacrimal gland inflammation in the mouse model of herpes stromal keratitis

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

Ocular Glands Become Infected Secondarily to Infectious Keratitis and Play a Role in Corneal Resistance to Infection

Ocular Glands Become Infected Secondarily to Infectious Keratitis and Play a Role in Corneal Resistance to Infection

Lacrimal Gland Microenvironment Changes After Obstruction of Lacrimal Gland Ducts

Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview

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