Development of Iron Deficiency Decreases Zinc Requirement of Rats

Excess calcium is known to affect the metabolism of other minerals. Calcium carbonate is the main source of calcium used in previous experiments that investigated excess calcium. Thus, it remains to be clarified whether other forms of calcium also have the same adverse effects. The effects of a high‐calcium carbonate diet or a high‐calcium citrate diet on mineral concentration in several tissues of rats were examined. Male rats aged 5 weeks were fed one of the experimental diets for 4 weeks. The control diet contained calcium as calcium carbonate at the requirement level. High‐calcium diets contained calcium carbonate or calcium citrate at a level of fivefold greater than the requirement level. In rats fed the high‐calcium diets, a similar decrease in phosphorus (in the plasma) and iron (in the testis, liver and femur) was observed. Hepatic copper increased in rats fed the high‐calcium diets, whereas renal copper decreased. Therefore, excess calcium affects these mineral metabolisms regardless of its form. In contrast, the high‐calcium carbonate diet increased femoral zinc and decreased femoral magnesium, but the high‐calcium citrate diet did not affect these minerals in the femur, which suggests that the effect of excess calcium on minerals partly depends on its form.

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“…2001), which is in agreement with the present experiment. Kaganda et al . (2003) reported that an Fe deficiency increases femoral Zn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of excess calcium as a different form on mineral metabolism in rats

Takasugi

Matsui

Yano

2005

Animal Science Journal

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“…Especially, the hepatic iron concentration in the HCa group was approximately one-half of that observed in the control group. Some researchers ( 27 – 29 ) also reported that hepatic iron concentration in iron-deficient rats is approximately one-half of that observed in rats fed a normal diet. Haematoctrit also decreased in the HCa group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Iron supplementation by intraperitoneal injection eliminates the accumulation of hepatic copper induced by excess calcium in rats

2009

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Excess calcium is well known to induce iron deficiency. Furthermore, excess calcium increases hepatic copper concentration and decreases renal copper concentration. We investigated the effect of iron supplementation on the tissue distribution of copper in rats given a high-calcium diet. Male rats (5 weeks old) were divided into four groups; a control group, and three groups given a diet containing 5-fold higher calcium than its requirement and an intraperitoneal iron supplementation of 0, 1 or 2 mg/week as iron dextran. The animals were fed their respective experimental diets with or without iron supplementation for 4 weeks. Although the high-calcium diet had no effect on calcium concentrations in the liver, kidney, testis, spleen and plasma, it reduced haematocrit and iron concentrations in the liver, kidney and testis and the rats had a moderate iron deficiency. The iron supplementation restored to normal these signs of iron deficiency. The high-calcium diet increased hepatic copper concentration but decreased plasma copper concentration and ceruloplasmin activity, which was restored by the iron supplementation. The copper concentration in bile was neither affected by the high-calcium diet nor the iron supplementation. The high-calcium diet decreased the copper concentration in the kidney, which was not restored by the iron supplementation. These results suggest that secondary iron deficiency stimulates hepatic accumulation of copper in rats given excess calcium by suppressing copper efflux into the circulation. The reduced renal copper concentration by excess calcium is independent of the iron deficiency.

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“…The effect of Fe deficiency on Zn status is believed to be less important than on Cu status. Fe deficiency appears to reduce Zn requirements in rats, increasing Zn levels in several organs such as liver, spleen, brain or kidney ( 11 , 12 ) while decreasing apparent Zn absorption ( 13 ) and plasma Zn ( 14 ) . Noteworthy, marginal Fe deficiency (9 and 13 mg Fe/kg diet) did not affect Zn status in rat, while it was sufficient to induce Cu accumulation in the liver ( 15 ) .…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of maternal iron deficiency on zinc and copper levels and on genes of zinc and copper metabolism during pregnancy in the rat

Cottin¹,

Roussel²,

Gambling³

et al. 2018

Br J Nutr

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Fe deficiency is relatively common in pregnancy and has both short- and long-term consequences. However, little is known about the effect on the metabolism of other micronutrients. A total of fifty-four female rats were fed control (50 mg Fe/kg) or Fe-deficient diets (7·5 mg/kg) before and during pregnancy. Maternal liver, placenta and fetal liver were collected at day 21 of pregnancy for Cu and Zn analysis and to measure expression of the major genes of Cu and Zn metabolism. Cu levels increased in the maternal liver (P=0·002) and placenta (P=0·018) of Fe-deficient rats. Zn increased (P<0·0001) and Cu decreased (P=0·006) in the fetal liver. Hepatic expression of the Cu chaperones antioxidant 1 Cu chaperone (P=0·042) and cytochrome c oxidase Cu chaperone (COX17, P=0·020) decreased in the Fe-deficient dams, while the expression of the genes of Zn metabolism was unaltered. In the placenta, Fe deficiency reduced the expression of the chaperone for superoxide dismutase 1, Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase (P=0·030), ceruloplasmin (P=0·042) and Zn transport genes, ZRT/IRT-like protein 4 (ZIP4, P=0·047) and Zn transporter 1 (ZnT1, P=0·012). In fetal liver, Fe deficiency increased COX17 (P=0·020), ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 (P=0·036) and ZnT1 (P=0·0003) and decreased ZIP4 (P=0·004). The results demonstrate that Fe deficiency during pregnancy has opposite effects on Cu and Zn levels in the fetal liver. This may, in turn, alter metabolism of these nutrients, with consequences for development in the fetus and the neonate.

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Development of Iron Deficiency Decreases Zinc Requirement of Rats

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of excess calcium as a different form on mineral metabolism in rats

Effects of excess calcium as a different form on mineral metabolism in rats

Iron supplementation by intraperitoneal injection eliminates the accumulation of hepatic copper induced by excess calcium in rats

The effect of maternal iron deficiency on zinc and copper levels and on genes of zinc and copper metabolism during pregnancy in the rat

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