Development of intimate contact during processing of carbon fiber reinforced Polyamide-6 tapes

Schaefer, Peter; Guglhoer, Thomas; Sause, Markus G. R.; Drechsler, Klaus

doi:10.1177/0731684416687041

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Interlaminar voids have remained in the laminate due to the rapid lay-up. These voids form a void channel network [34,35], and allow for the early release of moisture, as can be seen in Fig. 11(c), and prevent pressure build-up.…”

Section: Influence Of Blank Consolidation Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Deconsolidation of C/PEEK blanks: on the role of prepreg, blank manufacturing method and conditioning

Slange

Warnet

Grouve

et al. 2018

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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The combination of rapid automated lay-up and stamp forming has great potential for rapid manufacturing of lightweight load carrying components of thermoplastic composites. However, deconsolidation during blank heating is currently limiting the applicability of rapid lay-up blanks. This experimental work investigates the origin of deconsolidation in blanks produced by advanced fiber placement (AFP) versus traditional press consolidation. The influence of moisture on deconsolidation is investigated through deconsolidation experiments in a convection oven, as well as thermo-mechanical and residual gas analyses. The experiments revealed that thermal expansion of dissolved moisture is the main deconsolidation mechanism for press-consolidated blanks, but not for AFP blanks, which are suggested to deconsolidate mainly due to the release of frozen-in fiber stresses present in the used prepreg.

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Section: Influence Of Blank Consolidation Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Deconsolidation of C/PEEK blanks: on the role of prepreg, blank manufacturing method and conditioning

Slange

Warnet

Grouve

et al. 2018

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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“…In another approach, the evolution of the intimate contact during the consolidation was assessed by the change of the thermal contact resistance between the adjacent plies of a laminate. To monitor the evolution of this thermal contact resistance, Schaefer et al installed thermocouples between the adjacent layers in the middle of composite laminate (Schaefer et al, 2016(Schaefer et al, , 2017. With the temperature values measured by the thermocouples, the thermal diffusivities of initial prepreg and of final consolidated laminate were estimated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ Monitoring of the Out-Of-Autoclave Consolidation of Carbon/Poly-Ether-Ketone-Ketone Prepreg Laminate

et al. 2020

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The main objectives of this article were to examine the feasibility of high quality laminate (carbon PEKK-Poly-Ether-Ketone-Ketone) manufacturing under low pressure and to analyze the principal phenomena governing the consolidation quality. The quality of laminate was evaluated in terms of the interlaminar shear strength measured by short-beam shear test and the residual voids observed by micrographic images. This work underlined the possibility to obtain a good interlaminar consolidation quality, i.e., interlaminar shear strength of 100 MPa under a low pressure of 7.0 × 10 4 Pa even for prepregs which were not designed for out-of-autoclave processes. To better understand the interlaminar consolidation phenomena, we developed an experimental setup for the in-situ monitoring of the laminate consolidation to measure the change of laminate thickness and the temperature gradient in the thickness direction during the manufacturing process. In particular, we identified two major phenomena, the establishment of intimate contact between the adjacent layers at the glass transition temperature and the molten matrix flow at the melting temperature. The assumption on the intimate contact establishment at the glass transition temperature was confirmed by the heat transfer simulation considering the change of thermal contact resistance at the interlaminar interface.

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“…172 Using surface profile measurements to directly obtain the surface parameters is a notable advantage to this model; however, since the fractal characteristics exhibited by the surface may not be necessarily true for all tape materials, this model may not be applied generally to all tape materials. 176 Yang and Pitchumani’s fractal model was used in different research works. 17,36,38,41,146,167,177…”

Section: Process Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an attempt to obtain a quantitative contact characterization, Schaefer et al 176 investigated experimentally the degree of intimate contact between CF-reinforced polyamide-6 (PA-6) tapes. They found that intimate contact develops within seconds when temperature is slightly above T m and applied pressure in the range of 1–4 kPa and that the model of Mantell and Springer as well as that of Yang and Pitchumani generally overestimate the time needed to reach full contact although the Mantell and Springer model is more conservative.…”

Section: Process Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Processing of thermoplastic matrix composites through automated fiber placement and tape laying methods

Yassin

Hojjati

2017

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

109

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Fiber-reinforced composite materials are replacing metallic components due to their higher specific strength and stiffness. Automation and thermoplastics emerged to overcome the time and labor intensive manual techniques and the long curing cycles associated with processing thermoset-based composites. Thermoplastics are processed through fusion bonding which involves applying heat and pressure at the interface. Together with automated techniques (such as automated fiber placement, and automated tape laying), a fast, clean, out-of-autoclave, and automated process can be obtained. A detailed review of thermoplastic composites processing through automated methods is presented. It sheds the light on the materials used and the different heat sources incorporated with the pros and cons of each, with concentration mainly on hot gas torch, laser, and ultrasonic heating. A thorough illustration of the several mechanisms involved in a tow/tape placement process is tackled such as heat transfer, intimate contact development, molecular interdiffusion, void consolidation and growth, thermal degradation, crystallization, and so on. Few gaps and recommendations are included related to materials, laser heat source, heat transfer model, and the use of silicone rubber rollers. A review of optimization studies for tape placement processes is summarized including the main controllable variables and product quality parameters (or responses), with some of the major findings for laser and hot gas torch systems being presented. Both mechanical and physical characterizations are also reviewed including several testing techniques such as short beam shear, double cantilever beam, lap shear, wedge peel, differential scanning calorimetry, and so on. Challenges, however, still exist, such as achieving the autoclave-level mechanical properties and complying with the porosity levels required by the aerospace industry. More work is still necessary to overcome these challenges as well as increase the throughput of the process before it can be totally commercialized.

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Development of intimate contact during processing of carbon fiber reinforced Polyamide-6 tapes

Cited by 28 publications

References 24 publications

Deconsolidation of C/PEEK blanks: on the role of prepreg, blank manufacturing method and conditioning

Deconsolidation of C/PEEK blanks: on the role of prepreg, blank manufacturing method and conditioning

In-situ Monitoring of the Out-Of-Autoclave Consolidation of Carbon/Poly-Ether-Ketone-Ketone Prepreg Laminate

Processing of thermoplastic matrix composites through automated fiber placement and tape laying methods

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